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BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 11: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

consists of nerves that connect CNS to other parts of the body; includes cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

cranial nerves

A

arising from brain

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3
Q

spinal nerves

A

arising from spinal cord

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4
Q

the PNS is also divided into..

A

autonomic & somatic

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5
Q

autonomic

A

cranial & spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera (subconscious activity)

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6
Q

somatic

A

cranial & spinal nerves that connect CNS to skin & skeletal muscles (conscious activity)

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7
Q

sympathetic

A

ANS; fight or flight

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8
Q

parasympathetic

A

ANS; rest & digest, feed & breed

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9
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons

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10
Q

connective tissue coverings (3)

A
  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium
  3. epineurium
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11
Q

endoneurium

A

covers single axon

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12
Q

perineurium

A

covers group of axons

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13
Q

epineurium

A

covers whole nerve

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14
Q

sensory nerves

A

conduct impulses to brain or spinal cord

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15
Q

motor nerves

A

conduct impulses to muscles or glands

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16
Q

mixed nerves

A

sensory & motor, most mixed, all spinal nerves are mixed (except first pair)

17
Q

general somatic efferent

A

carry motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

18
Q

general visceral efferent

A

carry motor impulses from CNS to smooth muscles & glands

19
Q

general somatic afferent

A

carry sensory impulses to CNS from skin & skeletal muscles

20
Q

general visceral afferent

A

carry sensory impulses to CNS from blood vessels & internal organs

21
Q

sensory

A

afferent

22
Q

motor

A

efferent

23
Q

special somatic efferent

A

carry motor impulses from brain to muscle used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, & facial expressions

24
Q

special visceral afferent

A

carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory & taste receptors

25
Q

special somatic afferent

A

carry sensory impulses to brain from receptors of sight, hearing, & equilibrium

26
Q

2 types of autonomic neurotransmitters

A

cholinergic neurons & adrenergic neurons

27
Q

cholinergic neurons

A
  • release Ach
  • all preganglionic sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers
  • post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
28
Q

adrenergic neurons

A
  • release norepinephrine
  • most postganglionic sympathetic fibers
29
Q

autonomic neurotransmitter action

A

result from binding to protein receptors in the membrane of effector cells in synapses or neuromuscular junctions

30
Q

cholinergic receptors

A
  • bind to Ach, two types
31
Q

two types of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. muscarinic
  2. nicotinic
32
Q

muscarinic

A

excitatory, slow, activated by fungal toxin

33
Q

nicotinic

A

excitatory, rapid, activated by tobacco toxin

34
Q

adrenergic receptors

A
  • bind to epinephrine & norepinephrine; two types
35
Q

two types of adrenergic receptors

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
    - both have different responses on various effectors
36
Q

what occurs after acting at synapse or neuromuscular junction?

A

neurotransmitters must be removed/inactivated, to prevent continued stimulation of the postsynaptic cell

37
Q

AchE

A

decomposes the acetylcholine that cholinergic fibers release

38
Q

norepinephrine

A

from adrenergic fibers; removed from synapse by active transport, and inactivated by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

39
Q

control of autonomic activity

A
  • controlled largely by hypothalamus
  • control of ANS is involuntary
  • medulla oblongata regulates cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory activity
  • hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
  • autonomic reflex centers occur in medulla oblongata & spinal cord
  • reflex centers in medulla oblongata control cardiac, vasomotor, & respiratory activity
  • limbic system & cerebral cortex control emotional responses

BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II (28 decks)

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