Chapter 14 Part 2&3 Flashcards
1
Q
sensory info is transmitted via
A
AP’s along sensory pathways (tracts) to the brain
2
Q
if spinal cord is involved in the sensory pathway=
A
ascending spinal pathways
3
Q
each ascending pathway has
A
specific modalities
4
Q
what are modalities
A
types of info transmitted
5
Q
4 sensory pathways
A
anterolateral system
dorsal-column/medial lemniscal system
trigeminothalamic tract
spinocerebellar tracts
6
Q
what does the anterolateral system convey
A
cutaneous sensory info
7
Q
conscious perception of pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle and itch sensations to thalamus- cerebral cortex
A
spinothalamic tract
8
Q
peripheral receptors to cerebral cortex via 3 neuron sequence which are
A
primary
secondary
tertiary neuron
9
Q
what neuron sequence is for dorsal root ganglion
A
primary neuron
10
Q
what neuron sequence is for dorsal horn of spinal cord and synapse with interneurons
A
secondary neuron
11
Q
what neuron sequence is the thalamus and relay to somatosensory cortex (perception)
A
tertiary
12
Q
pain to reticular formation, thalamus
A
spinoreticular tract
13
Q
pain and touch to midbrain area (superior colliculi) turn head in direction of cutaneous stimulation
A
spinomesencephalic tract
14
Q
what carries sensation of 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration
A
dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system
15
Q
dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system pathway as passes through
A
brainstream
16
Q
dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system divides into 2 tracts based on
A
stimulus source
17
Q
upper 1/2 body is
A
fasciculus cuneatus
18
Q
lower 1/2 of the body is
A
fasciculus gracilis
19
Q
primary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system
A
dorsal root ganglion
20
Q
secondary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system
A
medulla oblongata
21
Q
tertiary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system
A
thalamus
22
Q
where does the thalamus relay info too
A
somatosensory cortex
23
Q
dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system gets info from
A
joints, tendons, and muscles
24
Q
what carries 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration
A
trigeminothalamic tract
25
what does the trigeminothalamic tract detect
pain, temp from face, nasal cavity, oral cavity and teeth
26
trigeminothalamic tract is afferent for what cranial nerve
CNV
27
trigeminothalamic tract is tactile afferent ear and tongue via what cranial nerves
CN VII, IX, X
28
what carried proprioceptive info to cerebellum
spinocerebellar tract
29
anterior tract from spinocerebellar tract=
info from lower trunk and limbs
30
posterior tract from spinocerebellar tract
info from upper body in thoracic and upper lumbar regions
31
primary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of the posterior tract is
dorsal root ganglion
32
secondary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of the posterior tract is
dorsal horn of spinal cord
33
what does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord do
synapase with interneurons
34
tertiary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of posterior tract is
cerebellum
35
sensation of unpleasant and complex perceptual and emotional experiences that trigger autonomic, psychological and somatic motor responses
pain
36
the homunculus has what kind of info
sensory and motor
37
homunculus sensory=
topographic representation of body parts along postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
38
homunculus motor=
topographic representation of body parts along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
39
correlation for homunculus sensory
various region size (primary somatosensory cortex) to # of sensory receptor in that body area
40
correlation for homunculus motor
various region size (primary motor cortex) to # motor units in that body
41
intensely personal experience=
cannot be measured objectively
42
intensity, but tolerance varies. low pain tolerance vs high is determined by our
genes
43
how are receptors of pain activated
by xs pressure, temp, and chemicals released from injured tissue
44
pain reducing analgesic system
brain
45
endogenous opiods are
endorphins and enkephalins
46
what are inhibitory neurotransmitters †hat queel pain signals from nociceptors
enkephalins
47
act as a warning of actual or impending tissue damage, motivates us to take protective action
acute pain
48
2 components of pain
1. rapidly conducted AP carried by large diameter myelinated axons-> well localized cutting pain
2. more slowly propagated AP's carried by smaller, less heavily myelinated axons, resulting in diffuse burning pain
49
what is visceral pain
Noxious stimulation of Thoracic & Abdominal Receptors = Vague, Dull Ache, Gnaw, Burning sensation
50
Sensation is long lasting, can be Decreased via Rubbing area around injury, Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS), Acupuncture, Massage & Exercise
chronic pain
51
Pain relieving Meds reduce inflammation & activation of Peripheral nerves, Others block transmissions of pain sensation in Spinal cord in Ascending pathways.
anaalgesics
52
Painful Sensation in a Region of the body that is NOT the source of the Pain Stimulus & Painful Sensation in a Region of the body that is NOT the source of the Pain Stimulus
referred pain
53
in referred pain both areas are innervated by what, and project to same what area
neurons
cerebral cortex area
54
The Brain cannot discern between the 2 sources of painful stimuli & Pain sensation
refers to most superficial structures innervated by converging neurons
55
what helps to ID actual cause of a Painful Stimulus
referred pain
56
Myocardial Infarction =
Perceived as Jaw or Left arm pain as T1-T5 spinal segments innervate both areas.
57
gall bladder=
RUQ & R shoulder
58
Pancreatitis=
RUQ, LUQ, Radiates to back, also Epigastric area, as is Stomach (GERD).
59
Occurs subsequent to Amputation of Appendages
phantom pain
60
Pain perception is projected to what in phantom pain
sensory receptor site, despite sensory receptors are no longer present
61
lack of what in phantom pain
Lack of Touch, Pressure, Proprioception from Amputated Limb.
62
When limb Amputated, inhibitory effect of sensory info is removed, this Phantom pain intensity increases
hyperalgesia
63
what retains image of amputated body part
cerebral cortex
64
GENERAL ANESTHESIA ONLY=
Spinal cord still had Pain from Amputation.
65
USE EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA =
Block neurotransmission in Spinal cord (Now use during Sx) = Significant reduction of Phantom Limb Pain incidence.
66
voluntary movements=
dependent on upper and lower motor neurons
67
upper motor neurons (UMN)=
Connect Cerebral Cortex to LMN via Interneurons & Cell bodies are in Cerebral cortex
68
lower motor neurons (LMN)=
Connect UMN to Skeletal muscles & Cell bodies are in Spinal Cord Gray matter & CN nuclei of Brainstem
69
what are motor pathways
tracts are descending pathways from cerebrum or cerebellum to brainstem or spinal cord
70
what do motor pathways carry
AP's along axons that originate in UMN
71
2 groups of motor pathways
direct and indirect
72
pyramidal system
direct
73
extrapyramidal
indirect
74
what do direct pathways do
maintain muscle tone and control speed and skilled movement precision
75
2 major tracts of direct pathway
corticospinal and corticobulbar
76
Involved in direct cortical control of movements BELOW the head
Damage Reduced muscle tone, Clumsy & Weak
corticospinal
77
Involved in direct cortical control of movements IN Head & Neck
Damage Spasticity, Clonus (Rhythmic Muscle contractions), Hyperreflexia & Babinski sign
corticobulbar
78
Less precise control over Motor functions, especially those associated with
Overall Body coordination & Cerebellar Function (Posture)
Many interconnections & Feedback Loops exist in this system
indirect pathway
79
4 major tracts in indirect pathways
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinall
tectospinal
80
rubrospinal regulates what
Regulates fine motor control in Distal Upper limb muscles
81
Vestibulospinal maintains
upright posture
82
Reticulospinal maintains
posture by Controlling Trunk & Proximal Upper & Lower Limb muscles with certain movements
83
Tectospinal controls
Reflex movement of Head to Bright Lights, Noises & Rapid Movement
84
what Regulates motor activities: Planning, Organizing, Coordinating Motor Movements & Posture
basal ganglia
85
feedback loop for basal ganglia
connect basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex
86
stimulatory circuits facilitate
muscle activity
87
inhibitory circuits facilitate
stimulatory circuits by inhibition of muscle activity in antagonistic muscles & also decreased muscle tone when head, body, limbs at rest
88
what regulates motor activities
cerebellum
89
3 parts of cerebellum that regulate motor activities
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
90
Vestibulocerebellum does what
maintains muscle tone in postural muscles, corodinates eye movement and controls balance
91
Spinocerebellum does what
maintains fine motor coordination with simple movements
92
Cerebrocerebellum does what
plan and practices rapid, complex motor actions that require coordination and training. also cognitive functions
93
dysfunction in basal ganglia results in
increased muscle tone
exaggerated, uncontrolled movements at rest
resting tremor
94
dysfunction in cerebellar results in
decreased muscle tone, balance issues
overshoot when reach for object
intentional tremor
95
higher brain functions include
speech
mathematical and artistic abilities
sleep
memory
emotions
judgement
96
where is speech located
left cerebral cortex
97
2 major cortical areas involved and are connected by
neuron bundle
98
sensroy speech area
wernicke area
99
where is wernicke area
parietal lobe
100
what is wernicke are responsible for
understanding and formulating coherent speech
101
motor speech area
broca's area
102
where is broca's area
inferior frontal lobe
103
what does broca's area initiate
complex movement used for speech
104
damage to broca's area results in
speech is ok, nonsense language and difficulty understanding
105
what is aphasia
loss of language abilities due to damage in specific area
106
AP's from eyes where word is seen and the word recognize in visual association area
visual cortex
107
signal representing word is understood
wernicke area
108
AP's representing word are conducted through associatioin fibers that connect the 2 areas. formulates the word as it is spoken
Broca's area
109
AP's propagated to premotor area, where movements are programmed. finally, sent to blank where proper movements are triggered
primary motor cortex
110
what is the sequene of events to speak a word you read
visual cortex
wernicke area
brocas area
primary motor cortex
111
what is the sequence of events to repeat a word that is heard
primary auditory cortex
wernicke area
brocas area
primary motor cortex
112
info from ears to blank goes to auditory association area, where word is recognized
primary auditory cortex
113
signal representing word is understood
wernicke area
114
AP's representing word are conducted through assocation fibers that connect the 2 areas and formulated the word as it is spoken
brocas area
115
signal goes to premotor area, then to
primary motor complex
116
received sensory info from left side of the body
right cerebral cortex
117
received sensory info from right side of body
left cerebral cortex
118
sensory info is shared between hemispheres via
commissure
119
what skills does the left hemisphere have
analytical
logic
language
120
what does the right hemisphere do
spatial perception
facial recognition
creativity
intuition
artistic and musical ability
body language
121
what is consciousness
voluntary initiation and control movement
122
consciousness has capactities associated with
higher mental processing
123
what does consciousness involve
simulataneous activity of large areas of cerebral cortex
124
what is holistic and interconnected
consciousness
125
in consciousness, information is gathered from
multiple locations in the cerebrum simultaneously
126
what are the levels of consciousness
alert
drowsy/lethargic
stupor
coma
127
signal of brain impairment
unconsciousness
128
brief loss=
fainting or syncope
129
fainting and syncope is usually due to
inadequate blood flow in the cerebrum , typically from low BP
130
state of unchanged consciousness or partial unconscious, can arouse by stimulation
sleep
131
able to arouse by stimulation
sleep
132
what wakes us up immediately
a strong stimulus
133
wake up chemicals secreted by hypothalamus is
orexins
134
sleep requirements
newborn
teens
adults
elderly
newborn: 16 hours
teens: 8-10
adults : 7.5- 8.5
less in elderly
135
nonrapid eye movement. 4 stages in 1st 30-45 minutes of sleep
NREM
136
frequency of brain waves and vs decrease, nightmares, and night terrors
NREM
137
90 minutes (erectiion, enlarged clitoris)
REM
138
irregular EEG, high body temp, HR, RR, BP, decreased GI motility.
high 02 use; limp
dream
REM
139
prolonged unresponsiveness to stimuli
coma
140
is oxygen always below normal levels rest in coma
always below normal levels
141
brain active and oxygen consumption is similar to being awake
sleep
142
causative factors for coma
blows to head
tumor or infection
metabolic issues; hypoglycemia
drug OD
liver or kidney failure
143
irreparable damage to brain, which induces irreversible coma
need to prove legally if alive or dead
life support removed if no brain activity
brain death
144
different levels of consiousness =
different patterns of electrical activity in the brain
145
electrodes on scalp record brain's electrical activity
detect simultaneous AP's in large #'s of neurons
displays wave-like patterns of electrical activity= brain waves
EEG
146
produced continuously, intensity and frequency differ based on state of activity, age, brain disease and chemical state of body
brain waves
147
awake, quiet at rest with eyes closed, calm and relaxed
alpha waves
148
higher frequency, seen with intense mental activity, concentration
beta waves
149
in kids, frustrated adults, brain disorder
theta waves
150
in infants. severe brain disorders, deep sleep, anesthesia
delta waves
151
what do abnormal EEG diagnose
epilespy, sleep disorders, research brain function
152
what type of seizure is mild, go blank for few seconds, kids. resolves by age 10
absence
153
what type of seizure is severe, convulsion, aura, lose bowel and bladder control
tonic-clonic
154
when seizures are uncontrolled=
no other messages can get through
155
what is strong, fast moving electrical discharges by groups of brain neurons
seizures
156
not get necessary amount or quality of sleep
vary 4-9
chronic problem
use hypnotics to sleep
due to jet lag, anxiety and xs caffeine
insomnia
157
involuntary sleep during daytime
onset without warning
pleasureable event, not control REM circuits
danger with driving, swimming, less orexins
narcopelsyy
158
treatment for narcolepsy
stimulants and antidepressants
159
sudden loss of voluntary muscle control, fully conscious, but unable to move
triggered by strong emotions or laughter
cataplexy
160
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
awaken suddenyl due to hypoxia
obstructive
sleep apnea
161
storage and retrieval of previous experiences
memory
162
fleeting memory of continual event
working memory
7-8 chunks of info
short term memory
163
limitless capacity (decrease w age)
long term memory
164
consolidation is
transfer of info from STM to LTM
165
change STM bank-
emotional state, rehearsal, association, automatic memory
166
4 types of memory
declarative
procedural
motor
emotional
167
here and now only. not associate new inputs with old
anterograde amnesia
168
distant memory lost
retrograde
