Exam 2 Flashcards
Chapters 6
1
Q
4 components of the skeletal system
A
bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
2
Q
6 functions of the skeletal system
A
- framework for body (support/ bear weight)
- protection (organs)
- allow movement
- store minerals in bone (Ca, P)
- stores adipose in bone cavity (yellow marrow)
- red bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
3
Q
what attaches muscles to bone
A
tendons
4
Q
what holds bones together
A
ligaments
5
Q
what cartilage is in the embryonic skeletal and bone
A
hyaline
5
Q
3 cartilage types in the skeletal system
A
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
6
Q
what cartilage is at the ends of bones that help with glide and friction
A
hyaline
7
Q
what cartilage has a glassy background and collagen
A
hyaline
8
Q
what cartilage is elastin, flexible: external ear and epiglottis
A
elastic
9
Q
what cartilage has collagen fibers, strong and often found in pubic symysis, knee mensicus and intervertebral discs
A
fibrocartilage
10
Q
2 types of cartilage growth
A
appositional and interstitial
11
Q
cartilage forming cells secrete new matrix against external face of existing caritlage
A
appositional
12
Q
chrondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expand cartilage from within
A
interstitial
13
Q
reinforced concrete is
A
bone matrix
14
Q
components of bone matrix
A
collagen and minerals
15
Q
what has flexible strength. LOSE= BRITTLE
A
collagen
16
Q
hydroxyapetite is
A
minerals
17
Q
what has weight bearing strength LOSE= bend
A
minerals
18
Q
build matrix is what bone cell
A
osteoblast
19
Q
what lays down new bone on surface (appositional)
A
osteoblast
20
Q
osteogenesis/ ossification
A
osteoblast
21
Q
what bone cell arises from osteochondral progenitor cells (stem cells)
A
osteoblast
22
Q
what bone cell maintain matrix
A
osteocytes
23
Q
what bone cell is 90-95% of bone cells
A
osteocytes
24
what arises from osteoblasts
osteocytes
25
what bone cells live long up to 25 years
osteocytes
26
what bone cell is found in lacunae and communicate via canaliculi
osteocytes
27
what bone cell breakdown matrix
osteoclasts
28
what bone cell has calcium into blood and arise in red bone marrow
osteoclast
29
when does ossification occur
1. as fetus
2. when grow
3. when repair fracture
30
what are two bone types
woven and lamellar
31
what bone type is formed by osteoblasts to build stronger, more permanent bone
lamellar
32
what bone type is formed 1st by osteoblasts
woven
33
what bone type is weak due to random placement of collagen
woven
34
what breaks down woven bone
osteoclasts
35
what bone is arranged in concentric sheets/ layers
lamellar
36
what does a parallel arrangement usually mean
strong
37
what are final bone types
spongy and compact
38
what final bone appears porous, w more space
spongy
39
what final bone type has more bone matrix, dense, solid outer layer
compact
40
what final bone type has concentric rings of lamellae
compact
41
what final bone consists of trabeculae= interconnected rods
spongy
42
what final bone has osteon/ haversian system= unit
compact
43
main shaft of long bone
diaphysis
44
what is the diaphysis composted of
compact bone
45
what does the diaphysis have in the center
medullary cavity
46
what part of the long bone is at the ends and consists of mostly spongy bone
epiphysis
47
what is epiphysis bone covered in
articular cartilage
48
what is growth between 2 parts and occurs at both ends
epiphyseal plate
49
when growth is complete it is called
epiphyseal line
50
bone marrow red gives rise to and where
blood cells in the epiphyses
51
yellow bone marrow consists of what and where
adipose in diaphysis
52
what layer is in the inner surface and is bone cells
endosteum
52
what layer is in the outer surface and consists of dense irregular ct
peristeum
53
what layer helps with attachment and strengthen area for ligament/ tendon
sharpeys fibers
54
other bone types include
flat , short and irregular
55
spongy bone sandwhich is
flat
56
no diaphysis, small growth plates is
short and irregular bone
57
fetal ossification all derive from
mesenchymal ct
58
two categories for fetal ossification
intramembraneous and endochondral
59
intramembraneous fetal ossification includes what kind of ct
embryonic
60
endochondral fetal ossification includes what kind of cartilage
hyaline
61
when does intramembraneous ossification occur
embryo at 8 weeks to 2 y/o
62
where does endochondral ossification occur
base of skull, mandible area, clavicle epiphyses, rest of skeleton
63
intramembraneous ossification steps (3)
1. osteoblast formation
2. spongy bone formation
3. compact bone formation
64
what is happening in osteoblast formation in intramembraneous ossification
mesenchymal cells- osteochondral progenitor cells - osteoblasts and become osteocytes. trabeculae of woven bone develop
64
what happens in spongy bone formation of intramembraneous ossification
osteoblasts present on trabeculae surface, cause it to become larger and longer. trabeculae join together to form spongy bone
65
what happens during compact bone formation during intramembraneous ossification
red bone marrow forms, as does peristeum. osteoblasts from periosteum lay down bone matrix to form compact bone. creates bone with outer compact bone and spongy in center
66
what are soft spots
fontanels
67
what is covered by membrane and bone fuse to cover and it allows brain growth and is usually complete in about 22 months
fontanels
68
5 steps of endochondral ossification
1. cartilage model formation
2. bone collar formation
3. primary ossification center
4. secondary ossification center
5. adult bone
69
bones grow at the
epiphyseal plate
70
what connects diaphysis to epiphysis
metaphysis
71
what lay down new cartilage in epiphyseal plate
long bones
72
does bone growth occur at both ends
yes
73
when growing is done what happens
epiphyseal plate ossifies into epiphyseal line
74
remodeling occurs and is replaced every
10 years
75
genes determine
final height
76
other factors influence
expression
77
factors affecting bone growth is
nutrition and hormones
78
malnutrition means
shorter bones
79
what is needed for calcium absorption from intestinal area. you make or ingest it
vitamin d
80
lack of vitamin causes what in kids
rickets
81
what is rickets
bowed knees and joint inflammation
82
lack of vitamin d in adults result in
osteomalacia
83
softening due to calcium depletion is
osteomalacia
84
what is needed for osteoblasts to make collagen
vitamin c
85
deficiency in vitamin c results in
growth retardation
86
lack of vitamin c results in
scurvy
87
ulceration and hemorrhage, impaired would healing and teeth fall out is classified as
scurvy
88
xs hormones result in
gigantism
89
insufficient hormones result in
dwarfism
90
remodeling occurs throughout
lifetime
91
bone deposit consists of
osteoblasts
92
when does bone deposit occur
with bone injuries, need extra bone strength
93
bone resorption consists of
osteoclasts
94
Breakdown matrix where less Stress
bone resorption
95
remodeling is controlled via
(-) Feedback: Hormones (Blood Calcium Levels)
96
Calcitonin
C cells of Thyroid, (Osteoblasts Active, Bone Deposit)
97
PTH
(Osteoclasts Active, Release into Bloodstream)
98
Wolff’s Law
Bones Remodel in response to force/stress placed upon it.
99
BOTH .... & ......... ..... work hand in hand
hormonal and mechanical stress
100
determines WHETHER & WHEN remodeling will occur in
response to changing Blood Calcium Levels
hormonal
101
determines WHERE remodeling occurs.
mechanical
102
Mechanism of Fracture
Trauma, Pathologic, Periprosthetic (Plates Rods)
103
Soft Tissue Damage
Closed vs Open (Compound)
104
Displaced vs NOT
- Displaced (Bone ends NOT aligned)
105
Fracture Pattern
- Linear (Parallel to Bone length), Spiral (Twisting), Avulsion (Bone fragment), Stress (Hairline) from overuse, Compression (Weak = Collapses)
106
& Arrangement of Bone fragments
- Incomplete (Part of Bone) vs Complete vs Comminuted (multiple fragments)
107
Age Specific
- Kids (Greenstick = 1 side breaks, other bends), Epiphyseal Fracture- eneven growth
108
4 steps to repair damage
1. Hematoma Formation
2. Fibrocartilagenous Callus Formation
3. Bony Callus Formation
4. Remodeling
109
(~4 days) Mass of clotted blood at fracture site, Bone cells die due to
lack of nutrition, tissue becomes inflamed
Hematoma Formation
110
Soft granulation tissue; Capillaries & Phagocytes
into area Spongy bone forms; Callus splints bones (Ext & Int)
Fibrocartilagenous Callus Formation
111
(3-4 weeks to 2-3 months) Osteoblasts/Osteoclasts multiply;
Callus Spongy Bone
Bony Callus Formation
112
(Several months) XS material outside of bone & inside Medullary Cavity;
Compact Bone fixes shaft--. Like Original
Remodeling
113
bone heals with
xs strength
114
Fracture treated by
reduction
115
reduction is
realign fractured ends
116
repair for closed fracture
Ends together by Manual Manipulation.
117
repair for open fracture
Surgery Performed, Ends held together by Pins/Plates
Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)
External Fixation – Used when ORIF too dangerous,
Need 2nd surgery (once swelling improved),
Comminuted needing many pins to secure
Immobilize by Cast/Traction (8-12 weeks)
Cast – Plaster or FIberglass
118
XS Abnormal Bone Resorption & Formation
paget disease
119
pagets disease have a high ration of what to what
woven to compact
120
Bones become Soft & Weak, Decreased ........ Activity during pagets disease
osteoclast
121
Osteoblasts form what during pagets disease
Irregular Bone Thickness
122
pagets disease affect women and men over
40
123
where does pagets disease usually affect
spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
124
Weakened / Porous Bone- Deformity & Prone to Fracture
osteoporosis
125
causes of osteporosis
1.decreased Reproductive Hormone Level,
2. Inadequate Dietary Intake or Decreased absorption of Calcium,
3.Sedentary,
4.Disuse from Injury. Oophorectomy,
5. Cigarette smoking.
6. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) for Acid Reflux use x5 years
126
osteoporosis affects
vertebral area, forearm, and pelvis
127
Decrease in Height, Kyphosis. is from
osteoporosis
128
Diagnosis for osteoporosis
DEXA scan = Dual Energy x-ray Absorptiometry
129
prevention for osteoporsis
1. daily calcium
2. dairy in diet
3. vitamin d iu daily
4. avoid high phosphorous foods
5. avoid alc and caffeine
6. weight bearing exercises
130
treatment for osteoporosis
1. bisphophonates= osteoclast inhibitors
2. estrogen like meds
3. antibodies activate bone breakdown
4. calcitonin replacement
5. zoledronic acid (yearly shot)
