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Human Structure and Function I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapter 9 Part 1

1
Q

major functions of muscles

A
  1. body movement
  2. posture
  3. respiration
  4. body heat production
  5. communication
  6. constriction of blood vessels and organs
  7. heart contraction
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2
Q

characteristics of muscles

A

excitable
contractable
extensible
elasticity

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3
Q

excitable =

A

responds to stimuli

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4
Q

contractable=

A

shortens with height, muscles pull, not push

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5
Q

extensible=

A

stretch, beyond original resting length

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6
Q

elasticity=

A

recoil

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7
Q

3 muscle types

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

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8
Q

each myoblast has its own

A

nucleus

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9
Q

long, cylindrical cells formed by fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells =

A

myoblasts in myogenesis

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10
Q

Stem cells in Skeletal muscle, Usually Quiescent, Activate by Muscle damage
Stimulated to divide and fuse with existing muscle fibers

A

satellite cells

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11
Q

hypertrophy=

A

enlarge

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12
Q

what do skeletal muscles not do

A

undergo mitosis

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13
Q

what control localized region

A

nuclear domains

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14
Q

muscular compositon consists of

A

75% water
20% protein (actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin)
5% organic and inorganic compounds

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15
Q

muscular hierachy is

A

muscle fibers= muscle cell= myocyte

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16
Q

parallel and connect to one another by

A

endomysium

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17
Q

endomysium is what kind of CT

A

loose areolar

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18
Q

wrapped into unit called

A

fascicle

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19
Q

fascicles are connected by

A

perimysium

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20
Q

perimysium is what CT

A

dense irregular CT

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21
Q

entire unit is wrapped in a CT overcoat called

A

epimysium

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22
Q

epimysium is what CT

A

dense irregular CT

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23
Q

joins with deep muscular fascia=

A

separate structures

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24
Q

muscle anchored to bone via tendon (strap) or

A

aponeurosis (sheet)

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25
can direct or indirect muscle to bone withstand more friction
indirect
26
what surround each muscle fiber and fascicle
bv and nerves
27
each what has its own nerve ending that control activity
muscle fiber
28
Specialized nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
motor neurons
29
each muscle fiver surrounded by plasma membrane=
sarcolemma
30
cytoplasm with xs glycogen and myoglobin=
sarcoplasm
31
Each Muscle Fiber (Cell) consists of Bundled Contractile Elements
myofibrils
32
each myofibril is surrounded by
sarcoplasmic reticulum
33
the sarcoplasmic reticulum is highly
modified er
34
highly modified er regulates
calcium
35
Each Myofibril consists of Bundles Contractile Elements ..... in sarcomere units
myofilaments
36
smallest contractile unit
sarcomere
37
sarcomere stretches from
z line to z line
38
dark band =
a band
39
light band=
I band
40
2 contractile proteins=
myofilaments
41
thick A vand connect at m line =
myosin
42
thin I band connect at z line
actin
43
globular=
polypeptide subunits
44
atp binding site is
myosin atpase
45
Rod Shape, Stiffens F actin. Spans 7 Actin, Blocks Myosin – Actin Interaction
tropomyosin
46
3 Polypeptide subunits = 3 Binding Sites
troponin
47
Tnl=
actin
48
TnT=
tropomyosin
49
TnC=
calcium
50
what does troponin do
interact with calcium to regulate tropomyosin's position of blocking of actin-myosin interaction
51
when calcium moves tropomyosin away, actin and myosin=
cross bridge and power stroke begins
52
holds thick filaments in place and are extensible. composed of protein= titan
elastic filament
53
Helps Muscle cell spring back into shape after stretching
elastic filament
54
Stiffens as Uncoils to Resist Excessive Stretch. Largest Protein in Humans.
elastic filament
55
Links Thin Filaments to Integral Proteins on Sarcolemma
dystrophin
56
Mechanical Support to keep Sarcolemma Intact, NO Calcium Leak
dystrophin
57
defective gene (sex linked recessive)=
duchenne muscular dystrophy
58
S&S of duchenne muscular dystrophy
Frequent Falls, NOT rise from Lying/Sitting, Waddling Gait, Walk on toes
59
treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy
to sustain mobility & Respiratory function. OT, PT. Steroids no cure
60
when do people with duchenne muscular dystrophy usually die
in 30s, respiratory failure
61
weakening if skeletal muscles and adipose is what
duchenne muscular dystrophy
62
when are you Dx for duchenne muscular dystrophy, and due to what
at birth due to elevated CK levels, genetic tests
63
what does elevated CK levels indicate
damage to muscle fibers
64
in duchenne muscular dystrophy what tears during contraction and excessive calcium enters and damages contractile fibers
sarcolemma
65
does the muscle regenerate in duchenne muscular dystrophy
no
66
muscle fiber's PM transmits electrical impulses to muscle interior
sarcolemma
67
tubelike infold of sarcolemma. carry electrical impulses into center or muscle fiber- every muscle fiber sarcomere contracts together
transverse tubules
68
SER in skeletal muscle fibers that store calcium
sarcoplasmic retuculum
69
temrinal cisternae- t tubule- terminal cisternae
triad
70
nervous stimulation
quick response
71
motor neuron does what
message to muscle; voltage regulated calcium channels open and influx
72
where do muscular contractions meet
neuromuscular junction
73
ACh released from vesicles at synapse
stimulation
74
what diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors
ACh
75
muscular contraction stimulates what release
Na
76
Na release and depolarization past threshold generate
action potential
77
action potential goes along sarcolemma and down what
t tubule
78
calcium release from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
79
what binds troponin
calcium
80
binding of calcium on troponin causes
conformational change
81
after the conformational change
troponin attaches to tropomyosin
82
after troponin attaches to tropomyosin what happens
tropomyosin moves no longer locking actin and myosin
83
once tropomyosin moves
actin and myosin interact
84
once actin and myosin interact
myosin pulls actin to center of sarcomere
85
after myosin pulls actin to the center of the sarcomere
it shortens sarcomere length and muscle fiber length
86
once sarcomere and muscle fiber length shorten what happens
Ca goes back to SR
87
once Ca goes back to SR
troponin and tropomyosin go back to resting position
88
power stroke steps
1. myosin head cocks into position 2. myosin binds to actin 3. power stroke (push actin) 4. detach from actin and new atp binds 5. repeat Need calcium and atp

Human Structure and Function I (28 decks)

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