Chapter 11 Flashcards
Part 1-3 (139 cards)
1
Q
what is in the CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
what part of nervous system receives and sends info to the body and is the decision maker
A
CNS
3
Q
what is in the PNS
A
everything else
4
Q
what does the PNS do
A
detects stimuli, send into CNS, communicates from CNS to body
5
Q
sensory division is
A
afferent
6
Q
receptors to CNS
A
sensory division
7
Q
external and internal environmental stimuli
A
sensory division
8
Q
what division detects temp, pain, touch, and pressure
A
sensory division
9
Q
motor division is
A
efferent
10
Q
CNS to effectors is what division
A
motor division
11
Q
what does the motor division include
A
muscles and glands
12
Q
what is the voluntary division
A
somatic NS
13
Q
examples of somatic NS
A
skeletal muscles
14
Q
what in the involuntary division of NS
A
autonomic NS
15
Q
what does the autonomic NS include
A
glands, smooth and cardiac muscle
16
Q
fight of flight is what division of NS
A
sympathetic NS
17
Q
rest and digest is what part of the NS
A
parasympathetic
18
Q
what does the sympathetic NS do
A
increase HR, RR, BP, eyes wide
19
Q
what does parasympathetic NS do
A
slows down HR, RR, BP, eyes pinpoint
20
Q
3 part of the neuron are
A
dendrite, cell body and axon
21
Q
short extensions are
A
dendrites
22
Q
what receives info from sensory receptors, neurons, and retrograde movement
A
dendrites
23
Q
extensive RER= nissl bodides-> extensive protein synthesis what part of the neuron
A
cell body
24
Q
what part of neuron sends info from cell body to effector
A
axon
25
what kind of movement do axons do
anterograde
26
what triggers zone where action potentials are generated
axon
27
what branch to form collateral axons, axoplasm, axolemma and arise from axon hillock
axon
28
neuron types include
sensory, motor, interneuron
29
afferent neurons conduct action potential towards CNS
sensory
30
efferent neurons conduct action potentials away from CNS
motor
31
conduct action potential within CNS from 1 neuron to next
interneuron
32
no axon, just dendrite is called
anaxonic neurons
33
what kind of dendrite does the brain and retina have
anaxonic neurons
34
1 process into 2 branches
psuedo-unipolar
35
peripheral (dendrites) and central is what type of dendrite
pseudo-unipolar
36
2 process, dendrite and axon. sensory organs is what type of dendrite
bipolar
37
many dendrites and axon. motor neurons of PNS
multipolar
38
motor neurons of PNS are what type of dendrite
multipolar
39
blood brain barrier of CNS
astrocytes
40
line ventricles. choroid plexus- make CSF in the CNS
ependymal cells
41
immune cells, phagocytic of CNS
microglial cells
42
form myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocytes
43
form myelin sheath in pns
schwann cells
44
support/ nutrition. protect from heavy metals (lead, mercury) in PNS
satellite cells
45
myelin speed up what
impulse transmission
46
what does myelin protect
axon
47
myelin travels from node of ranvier to
node of ranvier along axon
48
where is myelin in PNS
schwann cell
49
where is myelin in CNS
oligodendrocyte
50
impairment of myelin causes
slows impulse transmission
51
myelin destroying disease is
multiple sclerosis
52
does myelin control skeletal muscle
no
53
electrical signals produced by the nervous system
action potential
54
are there different concentrations of ions in the cytoplasm compared to extracellular fluid
yes
55
what has a higher concentration of Na and Cl
extracellular
56
what has a higher concentration of K+
cytoplasm
57
cann large molecules get through PM easily
no
58
is the cytoplasm more negative or positively charged
cytoplasm
59
movement of ions across the plasma membrane changes the charge difference across the PM? which results in what
yes, results in ion channels to open or close
60
the cytoplasm is electrically
neutral
61
differences in charge across PM due to uneven amounts of cations and anions across it, what is the PM considered due to this
polarized
62
what is the resting membrane potential
-70mV
63
is inside more negative of positive
negative
64
whats pumps K+ and Na+ against concentration gradient
Na+/K+ pump
65
what maintains the concentration gradient
Na+/K+ pump
66
in Na+/K+ is there increase K inside or outside and same with Na
increase K+ inside
increase Na+ ECF
67
3 Na+ out to
2 K+ in per atp used
68
2 changes to resting membrane potential is
depolarizatioin and hyperpolarization
69
in depolarization is the inside or outside more +
inside is more +
70
-70mV -> -55 mV=
generation of AP
71
excitatory response=
increased likelihood of generating AP
72
what is depolarization caused by
Na+, Ca+ entry and changes in ECF K+ concentration
73
during hyperpolarization is goes from what to what
-70 mV to -90 mV
74
are you going to likely generate AP during hyperpolarization
no
75
inhibitory response is caused by
K+ exiting the cell and Cl- entering
76
nongated ion channels, always open. specfic to each ion is what channel
leak ion channels
77
specific molecule to receptor (ligand= hormone)
ligand gated
78
voltage change opens gates
voltage gated
79
mechanical/ temperature gated channels
other gated ion channels
80
small change in membrane potential in LOCAL are of PM
graded potential
81
vary in size, can depolarize or hyperpolarize
graded potential
82
if summatioin of graded potential=
threshold-> AP
83
the moment we meet threshold it can automatically generate
AP
84
mechanism by which neurons communicate with effectors
AP
85
4 phases of AP
depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, return to RMP
86
AP travels along PM without losing
strength over distance
87
when does AP occur
1-2 ms
88
once AP produced, area is less sensitive to
further stimulation
89
once cycle starts= complete prior to another AP generation is called
absolute refractory period
90
when does absolute refractory period span from
AP generation until close to end of repolarization
91
can absolute refractory period generate another AP
no
92
what follows absolute period
relative refractory period
93
strong stimulus=
production of AP
94
once generated AP, passed along PM, propagates in 1 direction down the
length of axon
95
two types of conduction
continous and saltatory
96
unmyelinated conduction (PM secretion by section)
continuous
97
myelinated conduction (jumps from node of ranvier to next node)
saltatory
98
AP's can stimulate in another cell allowing communication between other cells true or false
true
99
stimulus of heat does what
produce AP in sensory nerve fivers, AP propagated along sensory fibers towards CNS
100
sensory neuron AP
produce AP in CNS neurons-> CNS AP's causing motor neurons to generate AP's-> skeletal muscles AP's-> skeletal muscle fiber contraction
101
junction between 2 cells where they communicate with each other
synapse
102
preseynaptic neuron->......->.........
synape-> postsynaptic neuron
103
neuromuscular junction, neurogland=
neuron to muscle or gland
104
2 synapse types
electrical and chemical
105
which synapse type is not common, gap junctions across cytoplasm from 1 cell to the other
electrical
106
protein channels are called
connexons
107
what do connexons allow
act as 1 cell (Na+ flows from 1 cell to the other)
108
where does electrical synapse occur
in cardiac muscle, also smooth muscle
109
rapid transmission= Na+ causes generation of AP in adjacent cell=
synchronous activity
110
what type of synapse is a neurotransmitter that communicates to effectors
chemical
111
for chemical synapse type it goes from presynaptic terminal->......->.......
synaptic cleft-> postsynaptic membrane
112
AP's in presynaptic terminal->
NT release from terminal
113
man y what is present in presynaptic terminals, and also synaptic vesicles
mitochondria
114
AP-> voltage gated Ca++ channel to open in presynaptic axon terminal-> exocytosis of synaptic vesicle-> NT crosses synaptic cleft, bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane. chemical or electrical
chemical
115
short term NT effect
rapid destruction or removed from synaptic cleft
116
6 classes of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
purines
neuropeptides
gases and lipids
117
two types of biogenic amines
catecholamines
indoleamines
118
what neurotransmitter is the most well understood
acetylcholine
119
what neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscles and ANS; nyasthenia gravis
acetylcholine
120
what neurotransmitter is in the brain, emotions and biological clock
biogenic amines
121
what is in motor neurons of ANS
catecholamines
122
what neurotransmitter is derived from histamine and tryptophan= histamine and serotonin
indoleamines
123
what is found in schizophrenia vs parkinsons( little dopamine), cocaine (xs dopamine)
catecholamines
124
what NT is found in alzheimers (little serotinin)
indoleamines
125
what binds to receptors and causes hallucinations
mescaline
126
what last few ms's.local graded depolarization if threshold-> AP. dendrite and neuron cell body
excitatory
127
IPSP; local hyperpolarization, usually on cell body
inhibitory
128
PSP's add together to stimulate an AP
Summation
129
multiple AP's from separate neurons arrive simultaneiously at same postsynaptic neuron. Large # stimulated
spatial
130
2+ AP's arrive at postsynaptic cell. rapid fire, not finish
temporal
131
simple pathway
serial
132
input travels along 1 pathway to specific destinatioin. 1 neuron stimulates the next and so on
serial
133
spinal reflex. reflux= rapid, automatic response to stimuli. spinal reflex. receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration, motor neuron, effector. all or nothing
serial
134
more complex pathway
parallel
135
input travels along several pathways integrated in different CNS regioins
parallel
136
what pathway process a lot information more quickly. triggers unique pathways. same stimulus with many responses. important for higher level intellect
parallel
137
ACh is released from
receptors
138
ACh-> acetic acid +....
choline
139
what does MAO do
enzymes breaks down
