chapter 15- ears and taste Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
sense of smell
A
olfaction
2
Q
what stimulates sensory receptors in olfactory region at superior portion of nasal cavity
A
odor
3
Q
what is lines with olfactory epithelium
A
cell bodies and dendrites of 10 million olfactory neurons
4
Q
olfactory receptor cells=
A
chemoreceptors
5
Q
dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to what surface
A
epithelial surface
6
Q
dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to epithelial surface of what
A
nasal cavity and ends are modified into bulbous enlargements
7
Q
dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to epithelial surface of nasal cavity and ends are modified into bulbous enlargements=
A
olfactory vesicles
8
Q
olfactory vesicles have
A
cilia
9
Q
receptor molecules react to about how many odors
A
4000
10
Q
receptor molecules are classified into 7 primary classfications which are
A
- camphor
- musk
- floral
- peppermint
- ethereal
- pungent
- putrid
11
Q
when receptor saturated with odorant (no longer responds)=
A
adaptation (less sensitive)
12
Q
primary olfactory neurons undergo what kind of replacement
A
constant replacement
13
Q
how are primary olfactory neurons unique
A
ability as most neurons permanent
14
Q
the entire olfactory epithelium degenerates about when
A
every 2 months
15
Q
primary olfactory neurons are replaced by
A
basal cells
16
Q
olfactory neuron axons go through foramina in the ….
A
cribiform plate
17
Q
cribiform plate->
A
olfactory bulb
18
Q
secondary neurons relay information to the …
A
brain
19
Q
how do secondary neurons relay information to the brain
A
olfactory tracts
20
Q
central olfactory cortex involved in
A
stimuli perception
21
Q
neural pathways are able to perceive what?
A
specific odors
22
Q
neural pathways are able to perceive specific odors, as well as ?
A
emotional and autonomic responses
23
Q
does some information passes through the thalamus vs 2nd pathway?
A
yes
24
Q
secondary olfactory areas=
A
hypothalamus, hippocampus, structures of limbic system
25
inability to smell
anosmia
26
is anosmia congenital
yes
27
if anosmia is acquired it is usually due to
head injury causing olfactory nerve tear
28
what is related to nasal cavity inflammation or neurological disorder (parkinsons)
anosmia
29
anosmia may be early sign of
alzheimers
30
smells associated with danger trigger what
sympathetic fight or flight response
31
smells associated with food=
appetite stimulant-> salivation vs repulsion as protective reflex
32
what is detected by taste buds
gustatory stimuli
33
bumps on tongue, named for shape
papillae
34
most numerous on tongue surface, no taste buds
rough surface= manipulate food easily
filiform
35
largest and fewest papillae, form v shaped row between anterior and posterior tongue
vallate (wall surrounds)
36
in folds along sides of tongue
most abundant in kids, amount decreases with age
adults= posterior
foliate
37
scattered throughout superior tongue, small red dots
fungiform
38
ovoid structures embedded in tongue and mouth epithelium
taste buds
39
what detects taste stimuli
taste buds
40
what is mostly along edges of tongue papillae, and also seen in other tongue areas, the palate, lips and throat
taste buds
41
each taste bud is about how many taste cells or gustatory cells
50
42
each taste cell has what
microvilli
43
each taste cell has microvolli that go through what?
taste pore
44
taste buds are also
basal and supporting cells
45
taste buds that are also basal and supporting cells are
nonsensory
46
are taste cells replaced continuously
yes
47
normal life span of taste buds is
10 days
48
tastants dissolve in
saliva
49
tasstants enter taste pores and
stimulate taste cells
50
every taste cell can detect 5 types of taste, but each taste cell is most sensitive to
one type
51
5 classificatioins of taste function
salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami
52
metallic ions is what class of taste
salty
53
sugars, carbs, some protein is what class of taste
sweet
54
acids is what class of taste
sour
55
alkaloids, may be poisons is what class of taste
bitter
56
proteins and amino acids is what class of taste
umami
57
80% of sense of taste is due to
sense of smell
58
inability to smell affects
taste
59
is taste affected when you have a cold
yes it a dampened
60
taste is most sensitive to
bitter substances
61
taste is least sensitive to
sweet and salty
62
taste receptors synapse with
sensory neurons
63
axons pass through what in taste pathway
CNS
64
axons of sensory neurons enter brainstem and stnapse in nucleus of
tractus solitarious
65
axons from nucleus synapse in
thalamus
66
axons from thalamus end in taste area bilaterally in
deep lateral fissure
67
what CN crosses over at tympanic membrane of middle ear, anterior 2/3 tongue
facial
68
what CN posterior 1/3 tongue, vallate papillae and superior pharynx
glossopharyngeal
69
what CN fibers from root of tongue and epiglottis
vagus
70
hearing involved
external, middle and inner ear
71
balance involves what part of the ear
inner ear
72
auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
external ear
73
air filled in petrous portion of temporal bone, contains ossicles
middle ear
74
sensory organs for hearing and balance in petrous portion of temporal bone cochlea and semicircular canals/ vestible
inner ear
75
Fleshy part of External Ear, Elastic cartilage covered with Skin
Shape collects Sound Waves & Directs toward External Acoustic Meatus
auricle
76
Hair & Ceruminous Glands are present (Produce Modified Sebum - Cerumen/Earwax)
Purpose to prevent foreign objects from reaching Tympanic membrane, Repels Insects
Excess Cerumen blocks canal (Obstructive Hearing Loss)
external auditory canal
77
Thin, semitransparent membrane separating External & Middle Ear
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (Inner), Middle CT Layer, Thin Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Vibrates due to Sound Waves travelling through the External Auditory Canal
Rupture of TM: Due to Foreign object in ear, Infection in Middle ear, Pressure difference (Airplane, Diving) Hearing Impairment
tympanic membrane
78
air filled cavity medial to tympanic membrane
middle ear
79
2 covered openings in middle ear
oval and round window, air passage via mastoid air cells and auditory tube
80
unequal pressure outer air and middle ear cavity makes hearing difficult and stimulates pain fibers=
muffled sounds
81
eardrum painful=
open auditory tube
82
relief for unequal pressure is
swallow, yawn, chew, hold nose closed and blow out relieves distortion of TM
83
3 ossicles are
malleus
incus
stapes
84
2 muscles for middle ear
tensor tympani muscle
stepedius muscle
85
tensor tympani muscle is attached to
malleus and innervated by CN V
86
stepedius muscle is attached to
stapes and innervated by CN VII
87
joint role in middle ear
lessen excessively loud sounds- sound attenuatioin slow reflex, too slow to prevent sudden noise damage, not last >10 minutes
88
what does the pharyngotympanic tube do
opens into pharynx to equalize air pressure between outside ait and middle ear cavity
89
tunnel and chambers in temoporal bone
filled with perilymph
endosteum is layer of connective tissue that lines internal surface of bony labyrinth
bony labyrinth
90
3 regions for the bony labyrinth
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
91
smaller set of membranous tunnels and chambers inside the bony labyrinth, filled with endolymph
membraneous labyrinth
92
3 distinct regions of membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth
scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani
93
Oval window to Helicotrema at Apex of Cochlea Vestibular Membrane – Wall of Membranous Labyrinth between SV & SM
scala vestibuli
94
Between Scala Vestibuli & Scala Tympani
Basilar Membrane – Wall of Membranous Labyrinth between SM & ST
scala media
95
Helicotrema back from Apex, parallel to Scala Vestibuli to membrane of Round Window
scala tympani
96
spiral organ is in the cochlear duct=
site of sensory cells for hearing
97
spiral organ contains specialized sensory cells=
hair cells
98
inner hair cells=
hear
99
outer hair cells
regulate tension of basilar membrane
100
hair cells synapse with sensory neurons, which join to form the
cochlear nerve
101
cochlear nerve joins with vestibular nerve to form
vestibulocochlear nerve
102
loudness- functioin of sound wave amplitude of height= measures in decibels
as amplitude increases, sound increases
volume
103
function of sound wave frequency
as frequency increases, pitch increases
pitch
104
range of human hearing
20-20000
105
anything over 125 dB=
painful to ear
106
normal human speech range=
volume between 250-8000 Hz
107
range is used to test for
hearing impairment due to importance of communication
108
resonance quality or overtones of sound, differences in quality between different instruments playing same note at same pitch and volume
timbre
109
mechanical movement in external, middle, inner ear-> electrical signals
hearing process
110
sound waves:
auricle-> external auditory canal-> tympanic membrane-> ossicles-> thru oval window-> scala vestibuli to vestibular membrane-> spinal organ-> hair cell bend-> CN VIII-> thalamus-> auditory cortex in temporal lobe
111
sensory axons from cochlear ganglion terminate in
cochlear nucleus in brainstem
112
axons from neurons in the cochlear nucleus project to
superior olivary nucleus or inferior colliculus
113
axons from inferior colliculus project to
thalamus
114
thalamus neurons project to
auditory cortex in temporal lobe
