chapter 14 social psychology recognition Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to each other.

A

social psychology

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2
Q

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

A

attribution theory

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3
Q

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

A

fundamental attribution error

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4
Q

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

A

attitude

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5
Q

occurs when people influenced by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness.

A

peripheral route persuasion

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6
Q

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

A

central route persuasion

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7
Q

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

A

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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8
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position out to behave.

A

role

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9
Q

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

A

cognitive dissonance theory

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10
Q

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with group standard

A

conformity

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11
Q

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

A

normative social influence

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12
Q

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

A

informational social influence

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13
Q

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

A

social facilitation

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14
Q

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

A

social loafing

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15
Q

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

A

deindividualization

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16
Q

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

A

group polarization

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17
Q

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

A

groupthink

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18
Q

an unjustifiable (and unusually negative) attitude toward of group and its members. Prejudice generally involve stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions.

A

prejudice

19
Q

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often exaggerated) belief about a group of people.

A

stereotype

20
Q

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

A

discrimination

21
Q

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

A

Just-word phenomenon

22
Q

“Us”- people whom we share a common identity

A

ingroup

23
Q

“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

A

outgroup

24
Q

the tendency to favor our own group

A

ingroup bias

25
Q

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

A

scapegoat theory

26
Q

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

A

Other-race effect

27
Q

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

A

aggression

28
Q

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

A

Frustration-aggression principle

29
Q

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

A

social script

30
Q

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

A

mere exposure effect

31
Q

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present in the beginning of love relationship.

A

passionate love

32
Q

the affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

A

companionate love

33
Q

a condition in which people from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

A

equity

34
Q

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

A

Self-disclosure

35
Q

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

A

altruism

36
Q

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

A

bystander effect

37
Q

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

A

social exchange theory

38
Q

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

A

reciprocity norm

39
Q

an expectation that people will help those dependent on them.

A

Social-responsibility norm

40
Q

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

A

conflict

41
Q

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

A

social trap

42
Q

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

A

Mirror-image perceptions

43
Q

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

A

superordinate goals

44
Q

Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy to decrease international tensions.

A

GRIT