Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity recognition

Question 1

the study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Answer 1

behavior genetics

Question 2

every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things thing around us.

Answer 2

environment

Question 3

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

Answer 3

chromosomes

Question 4

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Answer 5

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 6

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

Answer 6

genes

Question 7

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

Answer 7

genome

Question 8

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

Answer 8

identical twins

Question 9

single fertilized egg.

Answer 9

monozygotic egg

Question 10

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs, they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

Answer 10

fraternal twins

Question 11

separate fertilized eggs.

Answer 11

dizygotic eggs

Question 12

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Answer 12

temperament

Question 13

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

Answer 13

molecular genetics

Question 14

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of population and environments studied.

Answer 14

heritability

Question 15

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

Answer 15

interaction

Question 16

the study of influences of gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

Answer 16

epigenetics

Question 17

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

Answer 17

evolutionary psychology

Question 18

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Answer 18

natural selection

Question 19

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Answer 19

gender

Question 20

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 20

culture

Question 21

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Answer 21

norm

Question 22

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining ones’ identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Answer 22

individualism

Question 23

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Answer 23

collectivism

Question 24

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Answer 24

aggression

Question 25

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Answer 25

X chromosome

Question 26

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Answer 26

Y chromosome

Question 27

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 27

Testosterone

Question 28

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Answer 28

role

Question 29

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

Answer 29

Gender role

Question 30

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Answer 30

Social learning theory

Question 31

our sense of being male or female.

Answer 31

Gender identity

Question 32

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Answer 32

Gender typing

Question 33

the umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

Answer 33

transgender