Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity recall Flashcards

1
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

environment

A

every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things thing around us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genes

A

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

identical twins

A

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

monozygotic egg

A

single fertilized egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs, they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dizygotic eggs

A

separate fertilized eggs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

molecular genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of population and environments studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of influences of gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

17
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

18
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

19
Q

gender

A

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

20
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

21
Q

norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

22
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining ones’ identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

23
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

24
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

25
Q

X chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

26
Q

Y chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

27
Q

Testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

28
Q

role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

29
Q

Gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

30
Q

Social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

31
Q

Gender identity

A

our sense of being male or female.

32
Q

Gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

33
Q

transgender

A

the umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.