Day 2 June 22 Flashcards
(50 cards)
will patients with turner syndrome have normal internal and external genitalia?
YES except for STREAK ovaries
what causes a decreased maternal serum alpha fetal protein?
aneuploidies
what causes an increased maternal serum alpha fetal protein?
- open neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly)
- ventral wall defects (omphalocele)
- multiple gestations
What is theophylline?
Methylxanthine derivative - stimulant used for asthma, COPD and bronchospasm (causes bronchodilation)
How does theophyline cause toxicity?
Overdose can lead to tacchyarrythmias or SEIZURES since it has stimulant activity on the heart
why doesnt menstruation and breast development occur in turner syndrome?
these process are estrogen dependent and the ovaries may be streak ovaries (replaced by fibrous tissue, atrophic)
what embryologically goes wrong in tetrallogy of fallot?
abnormal neural crest migration -> anterior deviation of the infundibular septum
pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis
- defects in mucosal barrier and abnormal intestinal microbiome induce IL-17 via t cells/lymph and IL-17 induces other inflammatory factors, specifically TNF alpha and prostaglandins
- > bony lesions and abnormal bone growth
RISK INCREASED IN HLA B27
presentation of ankylosing spondylitis?
<40 years old
- insidious onset of bone/buttock pain
- nocturnal pain, pain releived with movement
- dactylitis
- enthesitis (inflammation at tendon insertion point)
- anterior uveitis
leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?
S. pneumonia
what is focal nodular hyperplasia?
non-malignant lesion in liver most commonly in young women. Found incidentally
FNH pathophys
hepatic vascular abnormality causes local hyperperfusion followed by hyperplastic response, resulting in small solitary pale nodules with central stellate scar and fibrous bands
most lung abscesses are ____
polymicrobial
what is attrition bias?
A type of SELECTION bias where loss-to-follow up is disproportionate between exposure groups
how do you treat a patient with toxoplasmosis gondii?
sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
ADD leucovorin
how do you treat a patient with toxoplasmosis gondii who has a sulfa allergy?
clindamycin and pyrimethamine
what is a common cause of ring enhancing brain lesions in an HIV patient, OTHER than toxo?
primary central nervous system lymphoma - B cell origin from EBV
EBV usually causes abnormal ___ cells, except for in the ____ where it causes abnormal B cells
T
brain
what is derealization/depersonalization disorder?
Disorder where patient has at least one of the following:
- depersonalization (detachment and unreality of self)
- derealization (detachment and unreality of environment)
what is dissociative identity disorder?
two or more distinct personalities
what is a common mechanism of chemo resistance in tumour cells?
The development of P-glycoprotein
How does p-glycoprotein work?
It uses ATP to pump out the chemo drugs
presentation of babesia infection?
flu-like symptoms - fatigue, myalgias, headache, respiratory symptoms
how is babesia spread?
bite of ixodes tick
