Fri Aug 7

Question 1

what stage of syphilis has a chancre?

Answer 1

primary

Question 2

what stage of syphilis has a gumma?

Answer 2

tertiary

Question 3

what stage of syphilis has condyloma lata?

Answer 3

secondary

Question 4

what stage of syphilis has a rash?

Answer 4

secondary

Question 5

are gummas painful?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

when does neurosyphilis occur?

Answer 6

more commonly as a late manifestation but it can occur at any stage

Question 7

which organism causes ecythma gangrenosum?

Answer 7

pseudomonas

Question 8

how is the distal esophagus normally attached to the diaghram?

Answer 8

it is normally attached circumferentially via the phrenoesophageal membrane

Question 9

what causes sliding hiatal hernias?

Answer 9

-laxicity of the phrenoesophageal membrane - usually results from repetitive stress and allows sliding of the GE junction/proximal stomach into the thoracic cavity

Question 10

what causes paraesophageal hiatal hernias?

Answer 10

-defect in the phrenoesophageal membrane and laxicity gastrocolic and gastrosplenic ligaments

Question 11

inheritance of fabry disease?

Answer 11

X linked

Question 12

what enzyme is deficient in fabry disease?

Answer 12

alpha-galactosidase A -> buildup of globotriaosylceramide

Question 13

globotriaosylceramide AKA

Answer 13

ceramide trihexidase

Question 14

early presentations of fabry disease?

Answer 14

triad of episodic peripheral neuropathy, angiokeratomas, hypohidrosis

Question 15

late presentations of fabry disease?

Answer 15

progressive renal failure, cardiovascular disease

Question 16

inheritance of tay-sachs disease?

Answer 16

AR

Question 17

which enzyme is deficiency in tay sachs

Answer 17

hexosaminidase

Question 18

what builds up in tay sachs?

Answer 18

GM2 ganglioside

Question 19

presentation of tay sachs disease?

Answer 19

• cherry red spot
• progressive neurodegeneration
• hyperreflexia
• lysosomes with onion skin
• NO HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY

Question 20

are sterile gloves used for contact precautions?

Answer 20

no - you can use nonsterile gloves for contact precations with patients

Question 21

advantages of using propofol for anesthesia?

Answer 21

-it can be used for both induction and maintanence
-it reduces airway resistance
-

Question 22

disadvantages of using propofol for anestheisa?

Answer 22

-may cause vasodilation resulnting in hypotension

Question 23

advantages of using etomodate for anesthesia?

Answer 23

-hemodynamically neutral - can be used in patients with hemodynamic instability

Question 24

disadvantages of using etomodate for anesthesia?

Answer 24

-can lead to adrenocortical suppression -shouldnt be used in patients with septic shock and only used to induce anesthesia

Question 25

advantages of using ketamine for anesthesia?

Answer 25

- preserves respriatory drive and has analgesic effects | - stimulates catelcholamine release which can lead to bronchodilation

Question 26

other effects of ketamine?

Answer 26

-increases HR, myocardial contractility and cerebral blood flow

Question 27

how may the distribution of a drug differ in neonates?

Answer 27

-they have more total body water compared to adults so water soluble drugs have greater volumes of distribution and may need different dosing to be as effective

Question 28

name two types of water soluble antibiotics?

Answer 28

vancomycin, aminoglycosides

Question 29

how do neonates differ in their level of plasma proteins compared to adults?

Answer 29

they have LESS plasma proteins, thus protein bound drugs may have an increased effect leading to toxicity

Question 30

treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

Answer 30

- dantrolene or bromocriptine | - stop antipsychotics + supportive care

Question 31

normal LV pressures?

Answer 31

120/10

Question 32

normal aortic pressures?

Answer 32

120/80

Question 33

which type of muscle fibers are postural muscles?

Answer 33

type I - slow twitch

Question 34

how can you identify pseudogout on fluid aspiration?

Answer 34

RHOMBOID shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate

Question 35

when copper leaks from the liver in wilsons disease, where will it deposit?

Answer 35

basal ganglia and the cornea

Question 36

does diabetes mellitus commonly occur in wilsons disease?

Answer 36

NO - thats associated with hemochromatosis

Question 37

epithelium of the ovary?

Answer 37

simple cuboidal

Question 38

epithelium of the peritoneum?

Answer 38

simple squamous

Question 39

treatment of orotic aciduria?

Answer 39

uridine

Question 40

diagnostic weight for anorexia?

Answer 40

<18.5

Question 41

saw tooth rete ridges are characteristic of...

Answer 41

lichen planus

Question 42

5 P's of lichen planus

Answer 42

Pruritic Purple/pink Polygonal papules Plaques

Question 43

where does the greatest airway resistance occur in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 43

medium-sized bronchioles

Question 44

how is oxalate eliminated in a healthy bowel?

Answer 44

-dietary calcium binds to dietary oxalate producing an insoluble complex that is excreted in the feces

Question 45

why is there an increased risk of oxalate kidney stones in crohns diseaes?

Answer 45

-calcium forms soap complexes with the excecss fat in the intestine, and thus cannot complex with oxalate. More oxalate is reabsorbed instead leading to an increased risk for oxalate stones

Question 46

why are non-selective beta blockers (propranolol not used for MI)?

Answer 46

they can cause bronchospasm in patients with underlying lung disease

Question 47

in watery diarhea (non-inflammatory diarrhea) what will be found in the stool?

Answer 47

NO rbcs and NO leukocytes

Question 48

in dysentary (inflammatory diarhhea) what will be found in the stool?

Answer 48

Fecal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, with our without RBCs

Question 49

medial border of femoral triangle?

Answer 49

adductor longus

Question 50

presentation of huntingtons disease?

Answer 50

- uncontrollable jerking movements - dementia - hallucinations - facial movements - speech impairment - mood changes

Question 51

presentation of parkinsons disease?

Answer 51

Muscle rigidity bradykinesia resting tremor postural instability

Question 52

what is the most common arythmia in someone with an infeior wall MI?

Answer 52

sinus bradycardia

Question 53

If a patient with an MI develops bradycardia what can you give them?

Answer 53

atropine

Question 54

what arythmia is adenosine useful for?

Answer 54

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Question 55

which organs cannot use ketones for energy?

Answer 55

- the liver | - RBCs

Question 56

can the brain use ketones?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

how does ionizing radiation cause cell death to cancer cells?

Answer 57

- DNA double stranded breaks | - produces oxygen free radials that cause cell death

Question 58

which type of radiation causes thymidine dimers?

Answer 58

non-ionizing

Question 59

what causes malignant nephrosclerosis of the kidneys?

Answer 59

hypertensive emergency

Question 60

histopathology of kidneys with malignant nephrosclerosis?

Answer 60

- Fibrinoid necrosis-cell death and fibrin deposition in the arteriolar cell walls - hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis-onion skin appearance -activated platelets and injured cells release growth factors leading to concentric hyperplasia and intimal thickening

Question 61

how is chikungunya spread?

Answer 61

aedes mosquito

Question 62

what is the hallmark of chikungunya ?

Answer 62

severe joint symptoms such as polyarticular arthralgia

Question 63

most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 63

previous rheumatic fever