Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Boards DIT > DIT GI > Flashcards

DIT GI Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is xersotomia?

A

dry mouth (salivary glands suck),
Sjogren’s,
antihistamine,
anticholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

Blocking of sal duct gland

Pain and swelling of duct/gland
Chewing gum will cause more secretion and unclog it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is sialadenitis?

A

Inflam of salivary gland

Staph A
Viridans strep (makes sense)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is most common parotid tumor?

Describe it

Risk factor for it

A

Pleomorphic adenoma (pleomorphic b/c epithelial AND mesencyhmal)

Benign and reocurring: BUT CAN cause Belle Palsy

Radiation is risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Warthins tumor vs mucoepidermoid carcionma?

A

Tumors of salivary glands

Warthin is papillary cyst adenoma and benign and cystic

Mucoepidermoid carcionma is mutinous and squamous components and is slow growing and MALIGNANT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Know Frontal, ethomoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinus

A

KNOW THOSE. Sinusitis is fever, facial pains, purulent sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does extra hepatic biliary atresia present?

A

Shortly after birth. Results form incomplete recanalization of bile duct during devo of bile duct

Presents shortly after birth

Dark urine

Clay colored stools

Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Omphalocele vs gastroschisis?

A

Defects in abdominal wall

Omphalocele OOOMMMygod its worse b/c other anomalies are common and liver can compose.

Omphalocele has extruding viscera covered by a sac (peritoneum and amnion)

Gastroschises is not as bad. No sac covering anything but still not as bad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi causes what?

A

cardiomegaly
Esophagealmegaly (B/c achalasia)

Makes things bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plumber Vinson syndrome?

A

Plumbers DIG

Dysphagia (esophageal webs)
Glossitis (low iron)
Iron deficiency anemia (low iron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

vs

esophagel squamous cell carcinoma

A

Adeno: associated with barets. More in whites and most common esophageal cancer in US. Smoking, obesity, nitrosamine.

Squamous cell carcinoma more common world wide. Dysphagia, anorexia and pain.

More common in blacks and just irritation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Different diverticulum of esophagus? 3 of them

A

Zenker (above upper esophageal sphincter)
Traction
epiphrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Branches of celiac artery?

A

Common hepatic, left gastric, splenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Branches of common hepatic artery?

A

Gastroduodenal (important branches: right gastromental (greater curvature until anastomse with left gastromental from splenic behind stomach, anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery)

Right gastric artery (lesser curvature to anastomose with left)

Proper hepatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do these do?

Parietal cells

Chief Cells

Mucosa

G cells

A

P: HCl and intrinsic

C: pepsinogen

M: bicarb

G: Gastrin (gastrin makes more acid secretion (mostly through ECL cells), more gastric mucosa growth, more motility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three things causing more gastrin release:

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does vagas nerve influence acid secretion?

A

Directly stim parietal cells on M3.

Indirectly on G cells by releasing GRP (gastrin releasing peptide): NOT ACETYLCHOLINE. Interesting (atropine wont affect stomach acidity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the proton pump? What inhibits it?

A

Lummenal side of parietal cell

K/H ATPase counter pumps

omeprazole inhibits it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

H pylori tx?

A

PPI, clarithromycin +amoxicillin/metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Side effects of antacids?

A

Calcium carbonate: hyper calcermia can increase acid secretion (short term relief, worse later)

Magnesium hydroxide: more magnesium: smooth muscle relaxer (KNOW THAT): DIARRHEA (MMMAgN diarrhea), hypotension, cardiac arrest (but need a ton)

Aluminum hydroxide: constipation, hypophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cimetidine side effects?

A

Anti-androgen: gynecomastia (Cause dope knockers)

Inhibit cytochrome P450 CRACKAMIGOS

Less metheomoglobin

thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hypertrophied of mucinous secreting cells making rugae look like brain?

Findings?

A

Menetrier disease (also includes atrophy of parietal cells)

Less gastric acid secretion

Protein loss, edema, hypoproteinemia

Precancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Weight loss and mass in left supraclavicular node?

A

Virchow node. Probably gastric metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is a warning for what?

A

VISCERAL CANCER (or diabetes, but thats not as exciting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are signet ring cells? 2 things.
gastric cancer: nucleus pushed to periphery (pop up in ovary in KRUCKENBERG tumor) Also can happen lobular carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma
26
Mechanism and use of ondansetron? Side effect
5HT3 antagonist as antiemetic for chemo and post op (right brain bonus with the 'setrons fighting robots) B/c blocking serotonin: vasodilate and headaches (opposite effect of triptans) Constipation (opposite effect of carcinoid syndrome causing diarrhea)
27
What does CCK do?
from I cells: cholecystokInin in duodenum to slow stomach and speed up downstream ``` More pancreatic secretion Gallbaldder contraction (cholycystoKININ) ```
28
What does Secretin do? Where from?
From S cells in duodenum (secrete buffer) More HCO3 from pancreatic Less gastric acid secretion
29
What does GIP do? Where from?
K cells (gluKose dependent insulin tropic peptide) Gastric inhibitory peptide Less gastric acid production MORE insulin release (why you get blood taken up faster from eating than injection)
30
What does somatostatin do? Where from?
From D cells in pancreas and intestine ``` Shuts down everything Gastrin CCK Secretin GIP VIP Insulin Glucagon ```
31
What is metoclopramide? Mechanism? Side effect?
used for gastroporesis in diabetic 5HT4 agonist and D2 antag, helps you shit seizures are side effect
32
Mnemonic for retroperitoneal structures? WORTH KNOWING
A DUCK PEAR ``` Adrenal Duodenum (parts 2-4) Ureters Colon (descending/ascending) Kidneys Pancreas (except tail) Esophagus Aorta Rectum ```
33
Where is iron absorbed? What are some causes of malabsorption?
Absorbed proximal duodenum (Iron Fist Bro) Needs acid environment, so antacids chloroquinolones, tetracyclines (chelate), bunch of foods, BYPASS may need infusions
34
Where is folate absorbed? When can it be deficient?
Duodenum and jejunum (Iron Fist Bro) Poor nutrition, alcoholism, goats milk (low folate))
35
Where is B12 made? When is it deficient? How do you test for deficiency?
Terminal ileum Malnutrition (rare) Decreased absorption: pernicious anemia is autoimmune destruction of parietal cells (so no intrinsic factor Schilling test. give radiolabedl cyanocobalamin (B12) to see how it is absorbed. normal is 8% or more absorption and recovered in urine
36
What is abetalipoproteinemia? Presentation? Finding on smear?
AR can't make apolipoprotein B (the beta in the name) and can't make chilomycrons to leave enterocytes. Enterocytes fill with chylomicrons and get fat No VLDL, LDL. PRESENTS as malabsorption, ataxia in early childhood and failure to thrive You get acanthocytes (b/c no Vit E)
37
What is immuno stuff for celiac? HLA stuff and antibodies? What is affected in intestine?
HLA DQ2 or DQ8 Anti-endosomal, anti-tissuetransglutaminase, anti-gliadin Distal duodenum/proximal jejunum blunted
38
Tropical sprue is different than celiac how?
Entire small intestine (instead of just proximal) and responds to antibiotics. Keep on look out if malabsorption returning from tropics
39
Mnemonic for PAS + infection of intestine? (note something not in mnemonic that may be a nice clue)
Whipple disease: FOAMy WHIPPed cream in a CAN Foam macrophage Cardiac symptoms Arthralgia Neurologic sypmtoms Trophyryma whipplei (gram positive) also, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, HYPERPIGMENTATION
40
What causes illeus?
Lack of peristalsis from post surgical or severely ill with loss of blood flow. Bethanechol helps! (bethany call me maybe if you need post op shit?)
41
What is your differential if meconium ileus?
First stool not passed b/c either: Cystic Fibrosis or Hirschsprung
42
Dx and Tx for premie having bloody stool, abdominal dissension and feeding intolerance? X ray shows air in bowel wall (pneumatosis intestinalis).
Necretizing entercolitis. Give bowel rest (parenteral nutrition)
43
What is a carcinoid tumor? Where are they? Mnemonic for symptoms? Learn this, Jeff. Sick of Q bank being wrong.
Most common small bowel tumor, also in lung or appendix. 1/3 metastasize, 1/3 are multiple 5HT is released and symptoms: ``` BFDR Bronchospasm Flushing Diarrhea Right sided heart disease/murmur ``` BUT symptoms only if outside GI tract, or else liver breaks it down. 5 Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5IAA) in urine!
44
Most common cause of small bowel obstruction?
ABC Adhesion (postop) Bulge/hernia Cancer/tumor (metastatic colon cancer)
45
Down syndrome GI issues?
``` DHAC Duodenal atresia Hirshscprung Annular Pancreas Celiac ```
46
Overgrowth of gut flora can cause what?
LActic acidosis b/c they are facultative anaerobes and make lactic acid
47
Drainage above pectinate line? And below? If it is a cancer?
Adenocarcinoma drains IMA. Drains to portal. HEMMERHOIDS? Painless. Band them b/c no sensation. Below is squamous cell (HPV). Inferior rectal artery (from pedundal) Drains to IVC External hemorrhoids very painful, do not band them
48
How do you treat proctitis?
topical steroid
49
Hyperplastic vs. Adenomatous vs. Juvenile vs Hamartomatous polyps
Hyperplastic: non cancerous but still need to biopsy to see Adenomatous: precancerous and either TUBULAR (low risk) or VILLOUS higher risk *villainous* Juvenile: very young kids in rectum: just one? no problem, multiple: JUVENILE POLYPOSIS syndrome and risk of caner Hamartomatous: Peutz jeghers: Multiple benign hamartoma (hyperpigmented mouth, lips, hands, genitalia) and more risk of CRC
50
Peutz Jeghers syndrome?
Autosomal dominant with hamartomas throughout GI and HYPERSEGMENTED lip, entails, hands. More risk of CRC (and cancer anywhere in abdominal cavity), small intestinal tumor, stomach tumor, pancreatic cancer, ovarian, uterine.
51
colon cancer genes?
APC, Kras, P53 loss
52
Gardner syndrome?
FAP+ osseous and soft tissue tumors, hypertrophy of retinal pigment. Gardners grow lumpy veggies and lumpy tumors
53
HNPCC has what gene issue? Where is the tumor?
PROXIMAL PROXIMAL MMR issue
54
Tx for diverticulitis?
Metronidazole AND fluoroquinolone
55
IBD stuff on page 354 FA, 362 of DIT, and 110 of pathoma
k
56
Carb absorption?
SGLT1 for sugars except for fructose which is GLUT5 All leave enterocyte by GLUT2
57
What cause pancreatitis? Mnemnoic.
BAD HITS Biliary (#1) Alcohol (#2) Drugs: NRTIs and protease and ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercalcmeia Idiopathic (#3) Trauma Scorpion sting
58
What is CEA a marker for?
Colon cancer (not for screening but following) Also for pancreatic cancer (along with CA19-9)
59
Which zone is susceptible to ischemia, and toxic injury. Why? Which zone susceptible to hepatitis?
Zone three is susceptible to ischemia b/c farthest from fresh blood (zone three is around central vein) and MOST CYP450!! Heptatitis hits zone 1
60
Gilbert Crigler Najjar II Crigler Najjar I Dubin Johnson Rotor
less UDP glucuronyl transferase than ideal, but asymptomatic, to symptomatic, to it could kill you Dubin Johnson: black liver b/c can't excreted conjugated bilirubin Rotor is dubin johnson "light"
61
What causes hand to flap?
asterixis is from hepatic encephalopathy and can't maintain wrist extension
62
What do you give when esophageal varicies are bleeding?
octreodide. Reduces blood flow to viscera (somatostatin analog) NEED TO BAND the varicose. Beta blockers can prevent it too TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portsystemic shunt to relieve pressure by skipping liver
63
4 meds cirrhotic patient would likely be on and why?
Diuretics for ascites and edema Beta blocker to reduce visceral blood flow (in case rupture of vatical) Vit K to get most of clotting factors you can Lactulose to bind ammonia in gut and will leave in stool and less hepatic encephlaopathy.
64
SAAG
if you care
65
What are mallory bodies?
Eosinophilic inclusion in cytoplasm of hepatocytes and sign of alcoholic cirrhosis (Mallory drinks a ton, remember Mallory Weis? hmmm)
66
Alkaline phosphatase is high for what?
Biliary obstruction or bone disease
67
Budd chiari vs right sided failure can be differentiated in clinic easily. How?
Absence of JVD in budd chiari.
68
Characterization of Wilson disease? Tx?
Copper is Hella BAD. Penicillamine (pennis made of copper) or trienterine. Cast away disease: PG 13 (chrom 13), ATP7B (ball) eyes. C: Ceruloplasin is low, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposits, Copperaccumulation, Carcinoma (liver) H: Hemolytic anemia Basal ganglia degen: parkinson symptoms A: Asterixis (flapping of hands) Dementia (hepatic encephlaopathy), Dyskinesia, Dysarthria
69
Hemochromatosis triad?
Cirrhosis, Diabetes, Hyperpigmentation (bronze diabetes)
70
What causes Reye Disease?
Aspirin in kids with fever. Blocks mitochondrial beta oxidation
71
Genome of each hepatitis virus?
All ssRNA except HBV is dsDNA
72
Practice HBV serology.
tables pg 372 DIT
73
autoimmune hepatitis markers?
Type 1: ANA and/or smooth muscle Type 2: liver/kidney microsomal antibody and/or liver cytosol antigen
74
How do you treat hep B and C?
Interferon alpha (think alpha for B and C. ABC) ps interferon beta is MS
75
Follow billirubin digestion:
Heme to uncon bilirubin which hops one with albumin to liver to be conjugated UDP glucuronosyltransferase (deficient in some Gilber/Criglerr Najar) and out liver in BILE (can't if dubin johnson) Gut bacteria break it to Urobilinogen which can be shit out as stercobilin or absorbed again and excreted in kidney as UROBILIN
76
pANCA is associated with UC. What biliary issues would you potentially see on ERCP if purritis, jaundice, dark urine and light stools and hepatosplenomegaly?
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Beads on a strong. IgM can happen. Can lead to cholangiocarcinoma Labs: high conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol and ALP (makes sense)
77
How do you recognize difference in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosis cholangitis? What is mechanism for each? Tx?
PBC is AUTOIMMUNE (so think middle aged women) and lymphocytic infiltrate. Tx: UROSODIOL which is a bile acid which decreases liver synth of bile and slows progression and better survival BSC is with bile duct fibrosis and unsure cause but SRING OF BEADS on ERCP. Dfinitive Tx is liver transplant
78
Cholecystitis vs cholangitis?
cystitis is cyst (meaning pouch) meaning gall bladder. MURPHY SIGN cholangitis means just the biliary tree
79
Pigmented gallstones?
less common than opaque stones. Chronic hemolysis, alcoholic cirrhosis, advanced age and biliary infection. Clonorchis sinensis. Liver fluke that inflames bile tree. Risk of cholangiocarcionma

Boards DIT (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions