DIT Onc

Question 1

How does brain use ketone bodies?

Answer 1

Makes them into acetyl coA and puts them into TCA cycle

Question 2

What does cyclin D do?

Answer 2

Activates CDK4 which phosphorylates Rb protein

Question 3

What does Rb do?

Answer 3

sits ontop of E2F so no transcription factor is blocked and transition from G1 to S phase

Question 4

What cancer has DPC mutation?

Answer 4

tumor suppression: Deleted in Pancreatic cancer

Question 5

What are Ras mutations?

Answer 5

GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality) that cause a MAP kinase pathway

Question 6

What cancers are associated with K-Ras?

Answer 6

Kolon, panKreas (lung)

GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)

Question 7

H-Ras associations?

Answer 7

Hematuria. Kidney and bladde

GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)

Question 8

N-Ras associations?

Answer 8

Melanomas and heme malignancies

GTPase (most common oncogene abnormality)

Question 9

What is a ret mutation causing?

What cancers associated?

Answer 9

tyrosine kinase is always turned on

MEN 2A and 2B (PPM and PMM)

Question 10

C-myc is what? Assiociated with what?

Answer 10

transcription factor with bukitt (burCitt lymphoma) (EBV)

Question 11

What are L-myc and n-myc associated with?

Answer 11

transcription factor for:

Lung tumor in Lmyc
N myc is neuroblastoma

Question 12

What is a big risk cancer for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

What does aflotoxin risk of?

Answer 12

Smoking is pancreas cancer (lots of other shit too including renal)

Question 13

What cancers are at risk from ionizing radiation?

Answer 13

AML, CML, Thyroid

Question 14

Which UV ray type is bad?

Answer 14

UVB for Bad (A is a maybe causes problems, not sure. C is blocked by Ozone)

Question 15

Nucleotide excision repair cancer risk?

What is the process?

Answer 15

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Nuclease removes damaged bases and polymerase fills it in

Question 16

MMR repair mutation risk?

Answer 16

HNPCC

Question 17

Nonhomologous end joining mutation risk?

Answer 17

Ataxia talengectasia

Question 18

Tuberous sclerosis risk for cancer?

Answer 18

giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

Question 19

What causes squamous cell cancer of the bladder that is a microbe?

Answer 19

Schistosoma haematobium

Question 20

What microbe causes chonalgiocarcionma?

Answer 20

chloorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Question 21

Naphthelen is what type of cancer risk?

Answer 21

transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

Question 22

Tumor grade vs stage?

Which is usually more prognostic value?

Answer 22

Grade is degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity. 4 is anapestic

Stage is degree of spread. T is size, N is nodal involvement, M is metastasis

STAGE IS MORE PROGNOSTIC VALUE

Question 23

What are findings expecting to see under scope for an anaplastic cell?

Answer 23

High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

large nucleolus
clumping of chromatin
many mitotic figures

MAKES SENSE b/c often multiploidy

Question 24

If a tumor has a low differentiation, what is the grade?

Answer 24

higher grade b/c not resembling the cells they came from. closer to anaplastic

Question 25

What are carcinomas? what is the staining?

Answer 25

Malignant tumor from epithelium. Adenocarcionmas are glandular. papillary have projections cytokeratin stain

Question 26

How do carcinomas spread? what are the exceptions (you can figure them out. there are 4)

Answer 26

Spread lymphatically. exceptions that spread hematogenously are: Renal cell (into renal vein) Hepatocellular (into hepatic vein) Choriocarcinoma (invasive by nature) Follicular carcinoma of thyroid (b/c you remember that)

Question 27

Pancreatic tumor markers?

Answer 27

CA 19-9 and CEA

Question 28

Alpha fetoprotein is up with what?

Answer 28

Hepatocellular carcinoma, and testicular tumors, mixed germ cell tumors, yolk sac tumor

Question 29

S-100 is marker for what?

Answer 29

Neural crest: melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, langerhans histiocytosis

Question 30

Tumor marker TRAP is for what?

Answer 30

TRAP the hairy animal

Question 31

Psamomma bodies are in what? mnemonic

Answer 31

PSaMMoma Papillary of thyroid Serous papillary cystadenoma Meningioma Malignant mesothelima

Question 32

Malignant mesothelial tumors are often ending with what?

Answer 32

Sarcoma. angiosarcoma (benign form would be hemangioma), osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma...

Question 33

Smooth muscle cancer vs striated?

Answer 33

Leioma and leiomyosarcoma are smooth rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma are striated

Question 34

How do tumors get blood supply?

Answer 34

Induce angiogenesis: bFGF is basic fibroblast growth factor Vascular endothelial growth factor si VEGF

Question 35

Mnemonic for order of cancers metastasizing to the liver?

Answer 35

Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon>>stomach>Pancreas>breast>lung think of shit that drains to liver. High LFTs, hepatomegaly, dysfucniton signs

Question 36

Mnemonic for things that metastasize to brain?

Answer 36

Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC), GI (colon)

Question 37

Bone mets are?

Answer 37

PB KTL (lead kettle) Prostat Breast Kidney Thyroid/Testes Lung Breast is blastic or lytic Prostate is lytic

Question 38

Paraneoplastic issues with small cell lung cancer?

Answer 38

A's ACTH: Cushing ADH: SIADH Anti presynaptic Ca++ channels at NMJ so can't release signal: Lambert Eaton Myasthenic syndrome

Question 39

Paraneoplastic with squamous cell cancer of lung

Answer 39

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy PTHrp acts like PTH

Question 40

Other tumors that secrete PTHrP?

Answer 40

Squamous cell lung, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, squamous of head and neck

Question 41

Cancers that release epo?

Answer 41

Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheo, RCC, HCC, hemangioma rarely leiomyoma

Question 42

When do you start colon cancer screening if family history?

Answer 42

at age 40 or 10 years younger than when family member was diagnosed