Embalming: Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
Nine region plan: by means of four imaginary planes, two of which are horizontal (indicated by lines drawn across the right and left 10” ribs and across the right and left anterior superior iliac spines) and two sagittal (indicated by lines drawn from mid point of inguinal ligament to nipples of chest, right and left sides)
A
Abdominal anatomical regions
2
Q
Abdominal anatomical regions: upper row
A
- Right hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Left hypochondriac
3
Q
Abdominal anatomical regions: middle row
A
- Right lumbar
- Umbilical
- Left lumbar
4
Q
Abdominal anatomical regions: lower row
A
- Right inguinal (iliac)
- Hypogastric
- Left inguinal (iliac)
5
Q
Four region plan: by means of two imaginary planes, one horizontal and the other mid-sagittal
A
Abdominal anatomical regions
6
Q
Abdominal anatomical regions: four region plan
A
- Upper right quadrant
- Upper left quadrant
- Lower right quadrant
- Lower left quadrant
7
Q
Antemortem injuries resulting from friction of the skin against a firm object resulting in the removal of the epidermis
A
Abrasion
8
Q
To touch or contact, as with the tarsal plates of the closed eyelids
A
Abut
9
Q
Group of chemicals used in addition to vascular (arterial) and cavity embalming fluids
A
Accessory chemicals
10
Q
Includes, but is not limited to hardening compounds, preservative powders, sealing agents, mold preventative agents, and pack application agents
A
Accessory chemicals
11
Q
A specific group of diseases or conditions which are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
12
Q
Persons dead may exhibit conditions such as wasting syndrome, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma
A
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
13
Q
These levels are established to ensure adequate protection of employees at exposures below the OSHA limits, but to minimize the compliance burdens for employers whose employees have exposures below the 8-hour permissible exposure limit (PEL)
A
- Action level
* AL exposure limits
14
Q
For formaldehyde is 0.5 ppm
A
- Action level
15
Q
That pressure which is indicated by the injector gauge needle when the arterial tube is open and the arterial solution is flowing into the body
A
Actual pressure
16
Q
A wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in a body buried in alkaline soil
A
- Adipocere
* Grave wax
17
Q
In the presence of free oxygen
A
Aerobic
18
Q
To disperse as an aerosol
A
Aerosolization
19
Q
Minute particles of blood and water become atomized and suspended in air when water under pressure meets the blood drainage or when flushing an undercover flush sink
A
Aerosolization
20
Q
Intravascular, the increase of viscosity of blood brought about by the clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels
A
- Agglutination
* Congealing
21
Q
Decrease in body temperature immediately before death
A
Agonal algor
22
Q
In reference to blood, a change from a fluid into a thickened mass
A
- Agonal coagulation
* Congealing
23
Q
The loss of moisture from the living body during the agonal state
A
Agonal dehydration
24
Q
Escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extravascular location immediately before death
A
Agonal edema
25
Increase in body temperature immediately before death
Agonal fever
26
Period immediately before somatic death
Agonal period
27
Post mortem cooling of the body to the surrounding temperature
Algor mortis
28
Method of injection-drainage in which embalming solution is injected and then injection is stopped while drainage is open
Alternate drainage (restricted drainage)
29
An organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or educational institutions who are employed in occupational safety and health programs
American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
30
The building blocks of proteins
Amino acid
31
The end products of protein digestion or hydrolysis
Amino acid
32
A compound containing an amino group, a carboxyl group attached to an alpha carbon and a radical
Amino acid
33
Amino group
-NH2
34
Carboxyl group
-COOH
35
In the absence of free oxygen
Anaerobic
36
Generalized massive edema in subcutaneous tissue
Anasarca
37
A descriptive reference for locating arteries and veins by means of anatomical structures which are known
Anatomical guide
38
Points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structures
Anatomical limits
39
Used to designate the boundaries of arteries
Anatomical limits
40
The body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointed away from the body
Anatomical position
41
Localized abnormal dilation or outpocketing of a blood vessel resulting from a congenital defect or a weakness of a vessel wall
Aneurysm
42
An embalming instrument used for blunt dissection and in raising vessels
Aneurysm hook
43
Has an eye in the hook position of the instrument for placing ligatures around the vessels
Aneurysm hook
44
An embalming instrument that is used for blunt dissection and in raising vessels, which has an eye in the hook portion of the instrument for placing ligatures around the vessels
Aneurysm needle
45
A multipurpose instrument used in the embalming process
Angular spring forceps
46
Deviation from the normal
Anomalies
47
In front of the elbow
Antecubital
48
In the bend of the elbow
Antecubital
49
Before death
Antemortem
50
Toward the front
Anterior
51
A bony protuberance, that can be palpated topographically, found on the ilium, the superior, broad portion of the hipbone
Anterior superior iliac spine
52
The origin of the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle
Anterior superior iliac spine
53
Ingredient of embalming fluids that retards the natural postmortem tendency of blood to become more viscous or prevents adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals
Anticoagulant fluid
54
Condition in which the manifestations of life are feebly maintained
Apparent death
55
The concentrated, preservative, embalming chemical that will be diluted with water to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial system during vascular embalming
* Arterial fluid
| * Vascular fluid
56
The purpose is for inactivating saprophytic bacteria and rendering the body tissues less susceptible to decomposition
* Arterial fluid
| * Vascular fluid
57
The mixture of arterial (vascular) fluid and water which is used for the arterial injection and may include supplemental fluids
Arterial solution
58
A tube used to inject embalming fluid into the blood vascular system
Arterial tube
59
Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
60
Place of union between two or more bones
Articulation
61
Accumulation of serous fluids in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
62
Freedom from infection and from any form of life
Asepsis
63
Sterility
Asepsis
64
Insufficient intake of oxygen resulting from any of numerous causes
Asphyxia
65
Withdrawal of gas, fluids, and semi-solids from body cavities and hollow viscera by means of suction with an aspirator and a trocar
Aspiration
66
Fatty degeneration or thickening of the walls of the larger arteries occurring in ahterosclerosis
Atheroma
67
Apparatus used for sterilization by steam pressure, usually at 250 degrees Fahrenheit / 121 degrees Celsius for a specific time
Autoclave
68
Self-destruction of cells
Autolysis
69
Decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
Autolysis
70
The body's own digestive enzymes that are capable of destroying body cells
Autolytic enzyme
71
Body's own digestive enzymes that are capable of destroying body cells
Autolytic decomposition
72
A postmortem examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine cause of death or pathological condition
* Autopsy
| * Postmortem examination
73
Agent that destroys bacteria
Bactericidal agent
74
Agent that has the ability to inhibit or retard bacterial growth
Bacteriostatic agent
75
No destruction of viability of the microorganism is implied
Bacteriostatic agent
76
Resins combined with oil
Balsamic substance
77
A fragrant, resinous, oily exudate from various trees and plants
Balsamic substance
78
Base of the axillary space
Armpit
79
Biological agent or condition that constitutes a hazard to humans
Biohazard
80
Bloodborne pathogens, blood or body fluids exposure, any potentially infective, contaminated waste associated with the preparation of human remains that constitutes a hazard to humans in the workplace
* Biohazardous waste
| * Infectious waste
81
Irreversible somatic death
Biological death
82
A carcinogen potentially produced when formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite come into contact with each other
Bischloromethyl ether (BCME)
83
Normally occurs only in a controlled laboratory setting and requires a catalyst
Bischloromethyl ether (BCME)
84
A chemical that lightens a skin discoloration
Bleaching agent
85
Cell-containing fluid that circulates through the blood vascular system and is compposed of approximately 22% solids and 78% water
Blood
86
Discolorations resulting from change in blood composition, content, or location, either intravascularly or extravascularly
Blood discoloration
87
The pressure exerted by the blood in the living body on the arterial wall measured in millimeters of mercury
Blood pressure
88
Circulatory network composed of the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Blood vascular system
89
OSHA Regulation (29CFR 1910-1030) regulating the employee's exposure to blood and other body fluids
Bloodborne Pathogen Rule
90
Blood, human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood
Bloodborne pathogens (OSHA definition)
91
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans
Bloodborne pathogens
92
Include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Bloodborne pathogens
93
The separation and pushing aside of the superficial fascia leading to blood vessels and then the deep fascia surrounding blood vessels, utilizing manual techniques or round-ended instruments which separate rather than cut the protective tissues
Blunt dissection
94
Acute, deep-seated inflammation in the skin, which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle
* Boil
| * Furuncle
95
A temporary suture consisting of individually cut and tied stitched employed to sustain the proper position of tissues
* Bridge suture
| * Interrupted suture
96
Vestibule of the oral cavity
Buccal cavity
97
The space between the lips, gums, and teeth
Buccal cavity
98
Self-contained, soft rubber manual pump designed to create pressure to deliver fluid as it passes through one-way valves located within the bulb
Bulb syringe
99
Used only to deliver fluids
Bulb syringe
100
Cannot be used for aspiration
Bulb syringe
101
Substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant, pH, of the solution
Buffers
102
Dead human body used for medical purposes
Cadaver
103
Includes transplantation, anatomical dissection and study
Cadaver
104
A prolongation of the last violent contraction of the muscle into the rigidity of death
Cadaveric spasm
105
The dome-like superior portion of the cranium
Calvarium
106
That portion removed during cranial autopsy
Calvarium
107
A device used as a means of fastening the calvarium after a cranial autopsy
Calvarium clamp
108
Formation of new channels in a tissue
Canalization
109
Minute blood vessels, the walls of which comprise a single layer of endothelial cells
Capillaries
110
Connect the arterioles with the venules and are where pressure filtration occurs
Capillaries
111
Smallest arteries
Arterioles
112
Smallest veins
Venules
113
Ability of substances to diffuse through capillary walls into the tissue spaces
Capillary permeability
114
A compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxyl alcohol
Carbohydrate
115
Examples: sugars, starches, and glycogen
Carbohydrate
116
Circumscribed inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues that ends in suppuration and is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever and leukocytosis
Carbuncle
117
A cancer-causing chemical or material
* Carcinogen
| * Carcinogenicity
118
The formation of cavities in an organ or tissue
Cavitation
119
Frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis
Cavitation
120
Direct treatment, other than vascular (arterial) injection, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera
Cavity embalming
121
Usually accomplished by aspiration and injection of chemicals using a trocar
Cavity embalming
122
Embalming chemicals which are injected into the cavities of the body following the aspiration in cavity embalming
Cavity fluid
123
Can be used as the chemical in hypodermic and surface embalming
Cavity fluid
124
Death of the individual cells of the body
Cellular death
125
Ascending aorta and / or arch of the aorta
Center of fluid distribution
126
Right atrium of the heart
Center of venous drainage
127
Embalming machine that uses an electrical pump to create pressure, either pulsating or non-pulsating
Centrifugal force machine
128
A major agency of the Department of Health and Human Services, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, concerned with all phases of control of communicable, vector-borne, and occupational diseases
* Center for Disease Control and Prevention (DCDP)
| * CDC
129
Substances that bind metallic ions such as EDTA (Ethylenediamine-tetracetic acid)
Chelate
130
Used as an anticoagulant in embalming solutions
Chelate
131
Change in the body's chemical composition that occurs after death
Chemical postmortem change
132
Example: Release of heme leading to postmortem staining
Chemical postmortem change
133
The application of chemical reagents in the treatment of disease in man, using an elevated preservation demand
* Chemotherapy
| * Chemotherapeutic agents
134
A phase of somatic death lasting from five to six minutes in which life may be restored
Clinical death
135
Drainage procedure that limits the exposure of the embalmer to the drainage
Closed system drainage
136
Tubing is attached to a drain tube allowing drainage to flow directly from a vein into a sanitary disposal system
Closed system drainage
137
Tubing may also be attached to a trocar and aspirator allowing drainage to be taken from the right atrium of the heart to the sanitary disposal system
Closed system drainage
138
Chemical and physical agents that bring about coagulation
Coagulation agents
139
A fluid used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of vascular (arterial) solutions
Co-injection fluid
140
Mode of somatic death
Coma
141
Death beginning at the brain
Coma
142
Disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent
Communicable disease
143
Disinfection practices carried out during the embalming process
Concurrent disinfection
144
Method of drainage in which drainage occurs continuously during vascular (arterial) injection
Concurrent drainage
145
Rounded articular process on a bone
Condyle
146
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or by contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde
Congealing
147
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white portion of the eye
Conjunctiva
148
Disease that may be transmitted between individuals, with reference to the organism that causes a disease
Contagious disease
149
The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface
Contaminated
150
Laundry that has been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps
Contaminated laundry
151
Any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin
Contaminated sharps
152
Examples: Needles, scalpels, broken glass, and exposed ends of wires
Contaminated sharps
153
Transparent part of the tunic of the eyeball that covers the iris and pupil and admits light into the interior
Cornea
154
That portion of the cornea recovered for transplantation in situ
Corneal sclera button
155
An official of a local community who holds inquests concerning sudden, violent, and unexplained deaths
Coroner
156
Having an abnormal amount of fat on the body
* Corpulance
| * Obesity
157
Embalming fluid that contains dyes and coloring agents intended to restore a more natural skin tone through the embalming process
Cosmetic fluid
158
Dye that helps to cover internal discolorations such as jaundice
Counter staining compound
159
Plastic garment designed to cover the body from the chest down to the upper right
Coverall
160
Method used to embalm the contents of the cranial cavity through aspiration and injection of the cranial chamber by passage of a trocar through the cribriform plate
Cranial embalming
161
Those elements remaining after cremation of a dead human body
Cremated remains
162
Crackling sensation produced when gases trapped in tissues are palpated, as in subcutaneous emphysema
Crepitation
163
Disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology assumed to be caused by a prion
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)
164
Thin, medial portion of the ethmoid bone of the skull
Cribriform plate
165
Irreversible cessation of all vital functions (non-legal definition)
Death
166
Noise made by a moribund person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity
Death rattle
167
The semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death
Death struggle
168
Decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria
Decay
169
Separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and / or autolytic enzymes
Decomposition
170
Loss of moisture from the body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem the removal of water from a substance
Dehydration
171
A protein whose structure has been changed by physical or chemical agents
Denatured protein
172
Rendered thoroughly dry
Desiccation
173
Exhausted of moisture
Desiccation
174
Areas of embalmed tissue where excessive dehydration has occurred
Desiccation marks
175
Sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis
* Desquamation
| * Skin slip
176
Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rating of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane
Dialysis
177
The difference between potential and actual pressure
Differential pressure
178
Movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached
Diffusion
179
Passage of some components of the injected embalming solution from an intravascular to an extravascular location
Diffusion (arterial solution)
180
Movement of the embalming solutions from the capillaries into the interstitial fluids
Diffusion (arterial solution)
181
Finger and toes
Digits
182
Number one digit for each hand
Thumb
183
Number one digit for each foot
Large toe
184
Any abnormal color in or upon the human body
Discoloration
185
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ, or system
Disease
186
An agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects / surfaces to destroy disease-causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
Disinfecant
187
The destruction and / or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body
Disinfection
188
The movement of embalming solutions from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries
Distribution (fluid)
189
Embalming instrument, inserted into a vein, used to aid the drainage of venous blood from the body
Drain tubes
190
Discharge or withdrawal of blood, blood clots, interstitial and lymphatic fluid, and embalming solution from the body during vascular embalming, usually through a vein
Drainage
191
OSHA-required safety device for a release of a copious amount of water in a short time
Drench shower
192
A condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic
Dry gangrene
193
Occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed
Dry gangrene
194
Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution
* Dye
| * Coloring agent
195
Classified as to their capacity to permanently impart color to the tissue of the body into which they are injected
* Dye
| * Coloring agent
196
Discoloration of the skin caused by the escape of blood within the tissues
* Ecchymosis
| * Bruise
197
Generally accompanied by swelling
* Ecchymosis
| * Bruise
198
Record of the electrical activity of the heart
* Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)
199
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities
Edema
200
A record of the electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
201
A device that uses a motor to create suction for the purpose of aspiration
Electric aspirator
202
An electrically heated blade that may be used to dry moist tissue, reduce swollen tissue, and restore contour
Electric spatula
203
Process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance
Embalming
204
Number of types of embalming
Four
205
Report filled out for each body prepared and for each body received from another funeral home
* Embalming report
| * Case report
206
That consideration given to the dead body prior to, during, and after the embalming procedure is completed
* Embalming analysis
| * Case analysis
207
Documentation is recommended
* Embalming analysis
| * Case analysis
208
Mechanical systems and devices engineered into the architecture of a building
Engineering controls
209
Examples: Exhaust systems, sanitary plumbing
Engineering controls
210
The surroundings, conditions, or influences that affect an organism or the cells within an organism
Environment
211
A governmental agency with environmental protection regulatory and enforcement authority
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
212
Organic catalyst produced by living cells and capable of autolytic decomposition
Enzyme
213
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Enzyme
214
To remove as by cutting out
Excision
215
The area from which tissue has been removed
Excision
216
Any procedure used to prove a sign of death usually performed by medical personnel
Expert tests of death
217
A specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties
Exposure incident
218
Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties
Exposure, occupational
219
Outside the blood vascular system
Extravascular
220
Discoloration of the body outside the blood vascular system
Extravascular blood discoloration
221
Examples: Ecchymosis, petechial, hematoma, and postmortem stain
Extravascular blood discoloration
222
Excess loss of blood
Exsanguination
223
From outside the body
Extrinsic
224
Removal of the eye for tissue transplantation, research, or education
Eye enucleation
225
Extravasation of blood as a result of eye enucleation
Eye enucleation discoloration
226
OSHA-required emergency safety device providing a steady stream of water for flushing the eye
Eye wash station
227
A thin, dome-like shell made of hardened cloth, metal, or plastic place beneath eyelids to restore natural curvature and to maintain the position of posed eyelids
Eyecap
228
A common name for a triglyceride ester that is a semisolid or solid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acids
Fat
229
A product of decomposition of fats
Fatty acids
230
Characterized by a high fever, causing dehydration of the body
Fatty acids
231
Characterized by a high fever, causing dehydration of the body
Febrile
232
Agency of federal government created in 1914 to promote free and fair competition by prevention of trade restraints, price fixing, false advertising and other unfair methods of competition
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
233
Bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates
Fermentation
234
Lesions of the mucous membrane of the lip or mouth usually caused by Herpes Simplex Type I or II virus or by dehydration of the mucous membrane in a febrile disease
Fever blisters
235
Rigidity of tissue due to chemical reaction
Firming
236
The act of making tissue rigid
Fixation
237
The solidification of a compound
Fixation
238
An agent employed in the preparation of tissues, for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure
Fixative
239
The most important agent being used in a fixative
Formalin
240
Colorless, strong-smelling gas that when used in solution is a powerful preservative and disinfectant
Formaldehyde (HCHO)
241
A potential occupational carcinogen
Formaldehyde (HCHO)
242
Grey discoloration of the body caused by the reaction of formaldehyde from the embalming process with hemoglobin to form methylhemoglobin
Formaldehyde grey
243
OSHA regulation limiting the amount of occupational exposure to formaldehyde gas
Formaldehyde rule
244
Necrosis, death of tissues of part of the body, usually due to deficient or absent blood supply
Gangrene
245
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic
Dry gangrene
246
Occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed
Dry gangrene
247
Necrotic tissue that is wet as a result if inadequate venous drainage
Moist (wet) gangrene
248
May be accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria
Moist (wet) gangrene
249
Necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas-forming bacillus, the most common etiologic agent being Clostridium perfringens
Gas gangrene
250
Extravascular movement of preservative fluids by gravitational force to the dependent areas of the body
Gravity filtration
251
Apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process
Gravity injector
252
Relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid
Gravity injector
253
Pressure required to deliver the fluid in a gravity injector
.43 pounds of pressure per one foot of elevation
254
Instrument used to guide vein tubes into vessels
Groove director
255
Historical instrument resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus
Hand pump
256
Used to create either pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration
Hand pump
257
Water containing large amounts of mineral salts
Hard water
258
Mineral salts must be removed from or sequestered in water (vehicle) to be used in mixing vascular embalming solutions
Hard water
259
Chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb and to disinfect
Hardening compound
260
Often used in cavity treatment of autopsied cases
Hardening compound
261
OSHA regulation that deals with identifying and limiting exposure in occupational hazards
Hazard Communication Standard / Rule
262
An agent or material exposing one to risk
Hazardous material
263
Piece of equipment used to maintain the head in the proper position during the embalming process
Head rest
264
Blood present in vomitus
Hematemesis
265
Vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
266
A swelling or mass of clotted blood confined to an organ or space caused by a ruptured blood vessel
Hematoma
267
The non-protein portion of hemoglobin
Heme
268
The red pigment of hemoglobin
Heme
269
The red respiratory portions of the red blood cells
Hemoglobin
270
Iron containing pigment of red blood cells functioning to carry oxygen to the cells
Hemoglobin
271
Destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin
Hemolysis
272
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
273
It may be caused by a variety of agents, including viral infections, bacterial invasion, and physical or chemical agents
Hepatitis
274
Fever, jaundice, and an enlarged liver usually accompany it
Hepatitis
275
A sever infectious bloodborne virus
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
276
An inflammatory skin disease marked by small vesicles in clusters
Herpes
277
Special vascular (arterial) fluid with an HCHO content of 25 to 36 percent
High preservation demand fluids
278
A 5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution
Household bleach
279
Yields one gallon of a 10% household bleach solution
Twelve ounces of household bleach with 116 ounces of water
280
10% household bleach solution
5,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite
281
A type of retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
282
Body of a deceased person, including cremated remains
Human remains
283
Chemical that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture
Humectant
284
Apparatus that is connected to the water supply
Hydroaspirator
285
When the water is turned on, suction is developed and is used to aspirate the contents of the body's cavities
Hydroaspirator
286
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in a saclike structure in any sacculated cavity in the body, especially the scrotal sac
Hydrocele
287
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain
Hydrocephalus
288
Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down
Hydrolysis
289
The addition of water accompanied by the action of enzymes results in the breakdown of protein into amino acids
Hydrolysis of proteins
290
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
Hydropericardium
291
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity
Hydrothorax
292
Absorbing moisture readily
Hygroscopic
293
A solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared
Hypertonic solution
294
Injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or a trocar
Hypodermic embalming
295
Settling of blood and / or other fluids to dependent portions of the body
* Hypostasis
* Agonal hypostasis
* Antemortem hypostasis
* Postmortem hypostasis
296
A solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared
Hypotonic solution
297
The swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources
Inhibition
298
A clean cut made with a sharp instrument
Incision
299
In embalming, a cut made with a scalpel to raise arteries and veins
Incision
300
Strength of an embalming fluid, indicated by the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 mL of water
Index
301
Usually refers to a percentage
Index
302
Percentage of formaldehyde gas in an embalming fluid with an index of 25
25%
303
A child less than one year of age
Infant
304
Disease caused by the growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the body
Infectious disease
305
Beneath
Inferior
306
Lower
Inferior
307
Used medically in reference to the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure
Inferior
308
Toward the feet
Inferior
309
Anatomical structures forming the base of the femoral triangle
Inguinal ligament
310
Extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the public tubercle
Inguinal ligament
311
The act or instance of forcing a fluid into the vascular system or directly into tissues
Injection
312
The amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within (intravascular) or on (extravascular) the vascular system (arterial or venous)
Injection pressure
313
The immediate stiffening of the muscles of a dead human body
Instantaneous rigor mortis
314
Between the cells of a structure
Intercellular
315
Fluid inside cells of the body
Intercellular fluid
316
Constitutes about one-half of the body weight
Intercellular fluid
317
Space between the ribs
Intercostal space
318
Method of drainage in which the drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues
* Intermittent drainage
| * Restricted drainage
319
Fluid in the supporting connective tissues surrounding body cells
Interstitial fluid
320
About one-fifth of the body weight
Interstitial fluid
321
Within the blood vascular system
Intravascular
322
Discoloration of the body within the blood vascular system
Intravascular blood discoloration
323
Examples: Hypostasis, carbon monoxide, and capillary congestion
Intravascular blood discoloration
324
Fluid contained within vascular channels
Intravascular fluid
325
About one-twentieth of the body weight
Intravascular fluid
326
Pressure developed as the flow of embalming solution is established and the elastic arterial walls expand and then contract, resulting in filling of the capillary beds and development of pressure filtration
Intravascular pressure
327
Condition that results when the body part that dies had little blood and remains aseptic and occurs when the arteries but not the veins are obstructed
* Ischemic necrosis
| * Dry gangrene
328
From within the body
Intrinsic
329
A solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute as the solution to which it is compared
Isotonic solution
330
Condition characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues and deposition of excessive bile pigment in the skin, cornea, body fluids, and mucous membranes with the resulting yellow appearance of the patient
Jaundice
331
A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice
Jaundice fluid
332
Usually low formaldehyde content
Jaundice fluid
333
Wound characterized by irregular tearing of tissue
Laceration
334
Substance used to kill insect larvae
Larvicide
335
Away from the midline
Lateral
336
A severe, often fatal, bacterial disease characterized by pneumonia, dry cough and sometimes by gastrointestinal symptoms
Legionaires Disease
337
Specific pathologic structural and functional changes or both brought about by disease or injury
Lesion
338
To tie off an artery and vein upon completion of embalming
Ligate
339
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper-lying structure
Linear guide
340
Decomposition of fats
Lipolysis
341
Postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood
* Liver mortis
| * Cadaveric lividity
342
A cavity or opening of a vein, artery, or intestine
Lumen
343
A specific antibody acting destructively upon cells and tissues
Lysin
344
Organelle that exists within a cell, but separate from the cell
Lysosome
345
Containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down protein and certain carbohydrates
Lysosome
346
An insect larva
Maggot
347
Fly larva
Maggot
348
A stitch used to hold the mouth closed
Mandibular suture
349
Placed behind the lips, one part is passed through around the inferior jaw at the median plane, while the other part extends through the nasal septum or the superior frenulum
Mandibular suture
350
Manipulation of tissue in the course of preparation of the body
Massage
351
The application of treatments or procedures that utilize machines or instruments
Mechanical aids
352
Adjustments of pressure, rate of flow or use of pulsation with the embalming machine
Mechanical aids
353
Utilization of properly sized arterial tubes and drainage instruments
Mechanical aids
354
Opening and closing of drainage instruments
Mechanical aids
355
Toward the midline
Medial
356
An official elected or appointed to investigate suspicious or unnatural deaths
Medical examiner
357
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
358
A minute, one-celled form of life not distinguishable as to vegetable or animal nature
* Microbe
| * Microorganism
359
That amount of radioactive material in which 37 million atoms disintegrate each second
Millicurie (mCi)
360
Chemicals added to the embalming solution to deal with varying demands predicated upon the type of embalming, the environment, and the embalming fluid to be used
Modifying agents
361
Agents which will prohibit the growth of mold
* Mold preventative
| * Mold-preventative agents
362
In a dying state
Moribund
363
In the agonal period
Moribund
364
A paste to fix or fill
Mortuary putty
365
A device used in the mouth in shaping the contour of the lips
Mouth former
366
This must accompany a hazardous product
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
367
A requirement of the Department of Labor and OSHA under the Hazard Communication Standard
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
368
Vascular injection from two or more sites
* Multi-point injection
| * Multi-site
369
Method of mouth closure in which a suture is passed through the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin
Musculature suture
370
Space between the roof of the mouth and the floor of the cranial cavity
Nasal cavity
371
Embalming instrument used to aspirate the throat by means of the nostrils
Nasal tube aspirator
372
Tests and certifies respiratory protective devices and air sampling detector tubes, recommends occupational exposure limits for various substances, and assists OSHA inoccupational safety and health investigations and research
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
373
Antemortem, physiological death of the cells of the body followed by their replacement
Necrobiosis
374
Pathological death of a tissue still a part of the living organism
Necrosis
375
A mechanical device used to impel specially designed metal pins into bone
Needle injector
376
Inflammation of the kidneys
Nephritis
377
Metabolic by-products that contain nitrogen, such as urea and uric acid
Nitrogenous waste
378
These compounds have a high affinity for formaldehyde and tend to neutralize embalming chemicals
Nitrogenous waste
379
A type of arterial fluid that contains inactive dyes that will not impart a color change upon the body tissues of the deceased
Non-cosmetic fluid
380
Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potential infectious materials that may result from the performance of worker's duties
Occupational exposure
381
A Governmental Agency with the responsibility for regulation and enforcement of safety and health matters for most United States employees
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
382
An individual State agency may supercede the U.S. Department of Labor regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
383
Injection and drainage from one location
One point injection
384
Any and all techniques to treat a problem area, excision, incision, and channeling
Operative (aids) corrections
385
An optical instrument with an accompanying light that makes it possible to examine the retina and to explore for blood circulation
Ophthalmoscope
386
The most favorable condition for functioning
Optimum
387
The mouth and the vestibule
Oral cavity
388
The opening to the throat
Vestibule
389
Passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules but it is permeable to the solvent
Osmosis
390
Embalming instrument used in filling the external orifices of the body
Packing forceps
391
To examine by touch
Palpate
392
Incision on the surface of the skin to raise the common carotid arteries
Parallel incision
393
It is made along the posterior border of the inferior one-third of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Parallel incision
394
Piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needlesticks, human bites, cuts and abrasions
Paranteral
395
A method of expressing low concentrations
Parts per million (ppm)
396
Equivalent to 1 milligram per liter
1 ppm
397
In contaminated air, the parts of vapor or gas (formaldehyde) per million parts of air by volume
Parts per million (ppm)
398
In solution, the parts of chemical per million parts of solution
Parts per million (ppm)
399
Antemortem discoloration that occurs during the course of certain diseases
Pathological discoloration
400
Examples: gangrene, jaundice
Pathological discoloration
401
Substance able to destroy lice
Pediculicide
402
Effected through unbroken skin
Percutaneous
403
Chemicals found in embalming arterial formulations having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant one
* Perfuming agents
| * Masking agents
404
To force a fluid through (an organ or tissue), especially by way of the blood vessels
Perfusion
405
Injection during vascular (arterial) embalming
Perfusion
406
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membranous coat lining the abdominal cavity and investing the viscera
Peritonitis
407
The maximum legal established by OSHA for regulated substances
Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
408
Based on employee exposure that is time-weighted over an 8-hour work shift
Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
409
When these limits are exceeded, employers must take proper steps to reduce employee exposure
Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
410
PEL for formaldehyde
.75 ppm
411
Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against hazard
Personal protection (protective) equipment (PPE)
412
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin
Petechia
413
Drugs or medicines that change the biochemical constituents of the blood
Pharmaceutical agents
414
Condition in which interstitial spaces contain such excessive amounts of fluid that the skin remains depressed after palpation
Pitting edema
415
Preparation room equipment for properly positioning bodies prior to, during, and after vascular embalming
Positioning devices
416
Toward the back
Posterior
417
Period that begins after somatic death
Postmortem
418
The rise in temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism
Postmortem caloricity
419
A change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition
Postmortem physical changes
420
Extravascular color change that occurs when heme, released by hemolysis of red blood cells, seeps through the vessel walls and into the body tissues
Postmortem stain
421
Power / potential of hydrogen
Potential of hydrogen (pH)
422
A number signifying the acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution
Potential of hydrogen (pH)
423
The measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Potential of hydrogen (pH)
424
The scale ranges from 0 to 14
Potential of hydrogen (pH)
425
Completely acid
0
426
Completely basic
14
427
Neutral
7
428
Blood pH
7.35-7.45
429
The pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off
Potential pressure
430
Turner Portiboy injection machine
Potential pressure
431
A substance bringing about precipitation
Precipitant
432
Fluids designed to clear the vascular system of blood and enable the arterial solution to distribute with greater facility
Preinjection fluid
433
That area or facility where embalming, dressing, cosmetizing, or other body preparation are effected
Preparation room
434
Chemicals which inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition
Preservative
435
Amount of preservative (formaldehyde) required to effectively preserve remains
* Preservative demand
| * Formaldehyde demand
436
Amount depends on the condition of the tissues as determined in the embalming analysis
* Preservative demand
| * Formaldehyde demand
437
Chemical in powder form
Preservative powder
438
Typically used for surface embalming of the remains
Preservative powder
439
Action of a force against an opposing force
Pressure
440
A force applied or acting against resistance
Pressure
441
The force per unit area exerted on a material
Pressure
442
Positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming fluid through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids
Pressure filtration
443
Causing passage of embalming fluid from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Pressure filtration
444
The dilution attained as the embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine
Primary dilution
445
Disinfection carried out prior to the embalming process
Primary disinfection
446
The recovery of organs or tissues from a cadaver for transplantation or study
Procurement
447
Projection of the jaw or jaws that may cause problems with mouth closure and alignment of the teeth
Prognathism
448
Organic compound found in plants and animals
Protein
449
Can be broken down into amino acids
Protein
450
Decomposition of proteins
Proteolysis
451
Any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins
Ptomaine
452
Examples: Indole, skatole, cadaverine, and putrescine
Ptomaine
453
The fibrocartilage that joins the two pubic bones in the median plane
Pubic symphysis
454
Postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure
Purge
455
Liquid product of inflammation containing various proteins and leukocytes
Pus
456
Characteristic pus-filled structure of a disease
Pustular lesion
457
Examples: smallpox, syphilis, acne
Pustular lesion
458
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria
Putrefaction
459
The supervisor in an institution licensed to use radionuclides who has the responsibility to establish procedures and make recommendations in the use of all radioactive matter
Radiation protection officer
460
A chemical element that is similar in chemical properties to another element, but differs in atomic weight and electric charge and emits radiation
Radionuclide
461
An atom that disintegrates by emission of electromagnetic radiation
Radionuclide
462
Speed at which fluid is injected
Rate of flow
463
Measured in ounces per minute
Rate of flow
464
A darkened, air-dried area on the skin resulting from removal of the epidermis while shaving
* Razor burn
| * Razor abrasion
465
Repeated aspiration of a cavity
Re-aspiration
466
Substance that easily loses electrons and thereby causes other substances to be reduced
Reducing agent
467
Strong reducing agent
Formaldehyde
468
An amorphous, nonvolatile solid or soft side substance, a natural exudation from plants
Resinous substance
469
Any of a class of solid or soft organic compounds of natural or synthetic origin
Resinous substance
470
Intermittent or alternate injection and drainage
Restricted drainage
471
Treatments of the deceased in the attempt to recreate natural form and color
Restoration
472
Supplemental fluids may be separate fluids or ones enhancing arterial fluids by the addition of special chemicals such as humectants, whose purpose is to retain body moisture and retard dehydration
* Restorative fluid
| * Humectant
473
Method of injection wherein both common carotid arteries are raised
Restricted cervical injection
474
The right side of the heart seen as the center of drainage
Right atrium
475
Used as a site of drainage via instruments from the right internal jugular vein and direct via the trocar or through the thoracic wall
Right atrium
476
Postmortem stiffening of the body muscles by natural body processes
Rigor mortis
477
Decomposition of sugars
Saccharolysis
478
A process to promote and establish conditions which minimize or eliminate biohazards
Sanitation
479
The reaction between a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid
Saponification
480
Salt of a fatty acid
Soap
481
Process of soap formation
Saponification
482
As related to decomposition, the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy waxy substance called adipocere or grave wax
Saponification
483
Bacteria that derive their nutrition from dead organic matter
Saprophytic bacteria
484
A two piece-embalming instrument consisting of a handle and a blade used to make incisions and excisions
Scalpel
485
Material used to provide a barrier or seal against any type of leakage of fluid or blood
* Sealing agents
| * Sealers
486
Weakening of the embalming fluid by the fluids in the body, both vascular and interstitial
Secondary dilution
487
Pathologic state, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the blood or other tissues
Sepsis
488
Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood
Septicemia
489
A chemical agent that can "fence off" or "tie up" metal ions so they cannot react with other chemicals
Sequestering agent
490
Notched on the edge like a saw, as seen with forceps
Serrated
491
Hypodermic needles, suture needles, injector needles, scalpel blades, razor blades, pins, and other items sharp enough to cause percutaneous injury, penetration of unbroken skin
Sharps
492
May include other items normally not disposed of following use, such as scissors, teeth, finger nails, and ribs
Sharps
493
OSHA-required receptacle for proper disposal of sharps
Sharps container
494
Legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without damage or injury
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
495
Exposure should not be for more than 15 minutes and not repeated more than four times per workday
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
496
Manifestation of death in the body
Sign of death
497
An unstable salt usually produced in an aqueous solution and used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent
Sodium hypochlorite
498
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Solute
499
The component of a solution present in a lesser amount
Solute
500
A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dissolved in a sufficient quantity of solvent
Solution
501
A substance that does the dissolving in a solution
Solvent
502
The component of a solution present in a greater amount
Solvent
503
Death of the organism as a whole
Somatic death
504
Injection from one site and drainage from a separate site
Split injection
505
Oven or appliance for sterilizing
Sterilizers
506
An autoclave that disinfects by steam under pressure at temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius
Sterilizers
507
A process of completely removing or destroying all life forms and / or their products on or in a substance
Sterilization
508
Delicate instrument used to detect almost inaudible sounds produced in the body
Stethoscope
509
Dead at birth
Stillborn
510
A product of conception either expelled or extracted dead
Stillborn
511
Situated or occurring beneath the skin
Subcutaneous
512
Distension of the tissues beneath the skin by gas or air
Subcutaneous emphysema
513
An antemortem condition brought about by a surgical procedure or trauma
Subcutaneous emphysema
514
Pertaining to or situated near the surface
Superficial
515
More elevated in place or position
Superior
516
Higher
Superior
517
Upper
Superior
518
Anatomically towards the head
Superior
519
Fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection
Supplemental fluid
520
General categories of supplemental fluid
* Preinjection
* Coinjection
* Humectants / restorative fluids
521
Cloth, wet or dry, folded and applied firmly to a body part
Surface compress
522
The direct contact of body tissues with embalming chemicals
Surface embalming
523
A discoloration due to the deposit of matter on the skin surface
Surface discoloration
524
These discolorations may occur antemortem, during, or after embalming of the body
Surface discoloration
525
Causes include adhesive tape, ink, iodine, paint, tobacco stains
Surface discoloration
526
An absorbent material compress saturated with an embalming chemical and placed in direct contact with the tissue
Surface pack
527
Chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so it can flow through smaller apertures
* Surfactant
* Wetting agent
* Surface tension reducer
* Penetrating agent
* Surface-active agent
528
Minute petechial hemorrhages caused by the rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into the dependent areas of organs and tissues
Tardieu spots
529
It is accompanied by livor mortis
Tardieu spots
530
A postmortem, extravascular blood discoloration
Tardieu spots
531
Most common in asphyxia or slow deaths
Tardieu spots
532
The science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition
Temporary preservation
533
Institution of disinfection and decontamination measures after the preparation of the remains
Terminal disinfection
534
Any procedure used to prove a sign of death
Test of death
535
Study of death
Thanatology
536
Destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
Third degree burns
537
Seared, charred, or roasted tissue
Third degree burns
538
A general term
Tissue coagulation
539
The solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass
Tissue coagulation
540
A specific form of coagulation
Agglutination
541
Postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues or cavities brought about by an anaerobic gas-forming bacillus, Clostridium perfringens
Tissue gas
542
The yellowing / browning of the fingernails and fingers from excessive use of cigarettes
Tobacco tars
543
A surface discoloration
Tobacco tars
544
Disinfection of the surface of the body or an object
Topical disinfection
545
An agonal or postmortem redistribution of host microflora on a hostwide basis
Translocation
546
The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another
Transplantation
547
Lying at right angles to the long axis of the body
Transverse
548
A physical injury or wound caused by external force or violence
Trauma
549
Sharply pointed surgical instrument used in cavity embalming to aspirate the cavities and inject cavity fluid
Trocar
550
May be used for supplemental hypodermic embalming
Trocar
551
A plastic threaded screw-like device for sealing punctures and small round trocar openings
Trocar button
552
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the body or a prominent anatomic structure used to locate internal structures during cavity embalming, from a point of reference two inches to the left of and two inches superior to the umbilicus
Trocar guide
553
An evaluation of exposures that are time-weighted over an established period
Time-weighted average (TWA)
554
Allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8-hour time period
Time-weighted average (TWA)
555
Plastic garment designed to cover the entire body from the chest down to and including the feet
Unionall
556
An approach to infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious
Universal precautions
557
Apparatus that prevents the back-siphoning of contaminated liquids into potable water supply lines or plumbing cross-connections within the preparation room
Vacuum breaker
558
The use of the blood vascular system of the body for temporary preservation, disinfection, and restoration
Vascular (arterial) embalming
559
Accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins
Vascular (arterial) embalming
560
Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids
Vehicle
561
Internal organs enclosed within a cavity
Viscera
562
The resistance that a liquid exhibits to the flow of one layer over another arising from the molecular attraction between the molecules of a liquid
Viscosity
563
The thickness of a liquid
Viscosity
564
An agent to remove chemical constituents from municipal water supplies that could interfere with drainage and preservation
Water conditioner
565
Injection of an arterial solution composed of a preservative embalming fluid which is diluted with supplemental chemicals such as humectants, water conditioners and co-injections
Waterless embalming
566
Quality of water containing certain substances, especially soluble salts of calcium and magnesium
Water hardness
567
A condition resulting from the use of an embalming solution containing an insufficient amount of preservative to meet the preservation demand of the tissues
Waterlog
568
The interstitial spaces are overly filled, engorged with water
Waterlog
569
Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed
Work practice controls
570
Example: prohibiting recapping of needles and not allowing blood splatter or aerosolization of blood while draining during the embalming process
Work practice controls
