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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System** > Flashcards

Endocrine System** Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones and control prolonged continuous processes

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2
Q

How does the endocrine and nervous system work together?

A

Coordinate and direct the activity of the body’s cells and to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What kind of cells are in the endocrine system?

A

Glandular epithelium

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4
Q

What kind of chemical signals does the endocrine system have?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

What is the specificity of response in the endocrine system?

A

Receptors on target cells

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6
Q

What is the speed of onset in the endocrine system?

A

Seconds to hours

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7
Q

How long is the duration of action in the endocrine system?

A

May be brief or may last for days if secretion ceases

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8
Q

Release their products at the body’s surface (epithelium) or into body cavities through ducts; ducted

A

Exocrine Glands

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9
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

A

Sweat, oil, saliva, pancreas, liver

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10
Q

Produce hormones that release into the blood or lymph; ductless

A

Endocrine glands

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11
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, thymus

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12
Q

Chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Cells with specific receptors on which hormones exert their effect

A

Target cells

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14
Q

Where must protein receptors be present so the hormone can attach?

A

Plasma membrane

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15
Q

What does a hormone depend on so it could interact with its customers’ receptors?

A

Molecular structure

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16
Q

Made from cholesterol; can pass straight through the target cell’s membrane and cytoplasm and into its nucleus

A

Steroid

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17
Q

What are steroid hormones soluble in?

A

Lipids

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18
Q

What are steroid hormones insoluble in?

A

Water

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19
Q

Amino acid based molecules; activates/deactivates enzymes that trigger the desired change to the cell’s activities

A

Non-steroid hormones

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20
Q

What prompts the endocrine glands to release or not release their hormones?

A

Negative feedback

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21
Q

What is hormone secretion activated by?

A

Internal or external stimulus

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22
Q

What do rising hormones inhibit?

A

Further hormone release

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23
Q

Endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimuli

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24
Q

What are some examples of hormonal stimuli?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormone

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25
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients
Humoral stimuli
26
What are some examples of humoral stimuli?
Decreasing calcium levels stimulates the parathyroid ormone
27
Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Neural stimuli
28
What are some examples of neural stimuli?
Adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine during periods of stress
29
What types of chemicals can hormones be?
Steroids, peptides, amines, proteins, glycoproteins
30
Locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced with a variety of effects
Prostaglandins
31
What are some effects of Prostaglandins?
Relax or contract smooth muscle, stimulate secretion, influence blood pressure
32
Hormones that have another endocrine gland as their target
Tropic hormones
33
What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
Growth hormones, prolactin
34
Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce
Growth hormone
35
What factors influence growth besides GH?
Nutritional status
36
What hormones from the hypothalamus control the levels of GH?
GH-releasing and GH-inhibiting
37
What disorders may result from a lack/too much GH?
Gigantism, dwarfism
38
Promotes milk production in lactating women
Prolactin
39
What hypothalamic hormones affect prolactin?
PRL releasing hormone
40
Controls secretions of the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone
41
What hypothalamic hormone affects the release of the thyroid stimulating hormone?
TRH
42
What hormone does ACTH affect the release of?
Cortisol
43
What is the name of te hormone that controls ACTH's release?
Corticotropin releasing hormone
44
Hormone that makes testes produce sperm and ovaries to produce eggs and release estrogen
Follicle stimulating hormone
45
What hormone from the hypothalamus controls the release of follicle stimulating hormone?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
46
Causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary which releases estrogen and progesterone
Luteinizing hormone
47
What controls the relase of luteinizing hormones?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
48
What structure actually produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
Hypothalamus
49
Cause kidneys to conserve water
Antidiuretic hormone
50
What disease can occur if not enough antidiuretic hormone is released?
Diabetes
51
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?
Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
52
Causes contractions of the uterus wall and milk letdown during breastfeeding
Oxytocin
53
What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
54
Regulates metabolism
T4 and T3
55
Lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions
Calcitonin
56
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue and release calcium into blood and influences kidneys to conserve calcium ions
Parathyroid Hormone
57
What 2 hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
58
What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the body?
Similar effects to those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
59
What 3 hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, sex hormones
60
Controls the levels of sodium ions by conserving them in the kidneys
Mineralcorticoids
61
Influence the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat
Glucocorticoids
62
Supplement hormones released by the gonads and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs
Sex hormones
63
What hormone does the pancreas produce?
Glucagon
64
Increases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
Glucagon
65
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
66
Involves the regulation of circadian rhythms in the body
Melatonin
67
What does the thymus gland secrete?
Thymosin
68
Affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important in immunity
Thymosin
69
What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
70
What 4 hormones does the placenta produce?
Estrogen, progesterone, Human chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin
71
What hormone does the testes produce?
Testosterone
72
Secrete hormones associated with the processes of digestion
Digestive gland
73
Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide affecting sodium
Heart
74
Secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production
Kidneys
75
What do salivary glands secrete?
Amylase
76
Active in breaking down starches
Amylase
77
Releases when food passes through the pyloric sphincter
Gastrin
78
Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder until it is released into the small intestine to break down lipids
Bile
79
Released when acidic food enters the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)
Secretin
80
Causes mother's pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible
Relaxin
81
Prepare breasts for lactation
Human placental lactogen
82
Produced by the embryo & then by the fetal part of the placenta
Human chorionic gonadotropin
83
What 4 hormones does the anterior pituitary release?
Thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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