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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System** > Flashcards

Nervous System** Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

Major controlling, regulatory, and communication, keeps us in touch with the internal and external environment, responsible for maintaining and regulating homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

All nerves of the body residing outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

PNS

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4
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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5
Q

Skeletal system

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

Contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm

A

Cell body

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8
Q

Projections that bring impulses into the neuron

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

Long projection that carries impulses away form the neuron

A

Axon

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10
Q

Insulating layer produced by Schwann cells

A

Myelin Sheath

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11
Q

Sheath formed form Schwann cells on the exterior of some axon

A

Neurlilemma

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12
Q

Gaps between Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

Junction between 2 communicating neurons

A

Synapse

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14
Q

Has many processes and part of brain or spinal cord

A

Multipolar neuron

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15
Q

2 processes; eyes nose, ears

A

Bipolar neuron

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16
Q

1 process; outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Unipolar neuron

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17
Q

Carry impulses from the body part into the brain or spinal cord

A

Sensory neuron

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18
Q

Most common type of neuron that communicates from one neuron to the other; relays information

A

Interneurons

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19
Q

Carry nerve impulses out of brain or spinal cord to effectors (glands or muscles)

A

Motor neuron

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20
Q

Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris, part of the immune system

A

Microglial cells

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21
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

CNS

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22
Q

Provide insulating layers of myelin around axons within brain and spinal co

A

Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

Structural support, join parts by their abundant cellular processes, help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions within tissue

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Align along nerve fibers

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25
Where are astrocytes found?
between neurons and blood vessels
26
Specialized epithelial cells in the CNS that produce CSF
Ependymal cell
27
Where are ependymal cells found?
brain and spinal cord
28
Forms a myelin sheath around axons
Schwann cells
29
Where are Schwann cells found?
PNS
30
Brings impulse to synapse
Presynaptic neuron
31
Receiving neuron at synapse
Postynaptic neuron
32
Chemical in a synaptic cleft which relays information across the gap
Neurotransmitter
33
Houses neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicle
34
The action of the neurotransmitter on a postynaptic cell is either _______ or _____.
Excitatory or inhibatory
35
Turning a process on
Excitatory
36
Turning a process off
inhibitory
37
Areas of high concentration or low concentration
Gradient
38
There is an uneven arrangement of ions inside and outside the membrane of the neuron
Cell membrane potential
39
Why does a cell membrane potential occur?
There are ion pumps that for K+ into the cell and Na+ outside of the cell. There are also ion gates
40
In a resting neuron, all Na+ gates are ____(open or closed)
Closed
41
What is the result when the Na+ gates are closed?
There are more positive ions on the outside of the cell
42
What happens when there is a stimulus applied to a dendrite?
Na+ channels open
43
As the generator potential builds in the dendrite, what do the ions begin to do?
spread to the cell body and then to the initial segment of the axon
44
Chemicals that cross the synapse
Neurotransmitters
45
What do the neurotransmitters do?
Bond to receptor sites on the dendrite of the next neuron
46
How does the myelin sheath help?
Speeds up the process
47
Bring sensory information towards CNS
Afferent/sensory fibers
48
Carry impulses form CNS to effectors
Efferent/motor neurons
49
The routes that nerve impulses follow as they travel through the nervous system
Nerve pathways
50
Simplest of the nerve pathways
Reflex arc
51
Automatic Responses to a change in the environment
Reflex
52
What do reflexes help with?
Maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntary processes like heart rate, breathing rate, etc.
53
What do monosynaptic reflexes include?
2 neurons and 1 synapse
54
Reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled
Stretch reflex
55
Reflexes associating with maintaining normal body posture
Postural reflex
56
Involves one or more integrated neurons in the reflex arc pathway
Polysynaptic
57
Nerve cells
Neuron
58
How long do neurons last?
Lifetime
59
Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS/PNS
nuclei
60
Bundle of nerve fibers running through the CNS
tracts (nerves)
61
Bundle of nerve fibers running through the PNS
Ganglia
62
What's the difference between white and gray matter?
Gray is unmyelinated while white is
63
Gradient of electrochemical potential for an ion that can move across a membrane
Electrochemical gradient
64
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane
Resting membrane potential
65
Loss of an electric charge
Depolarization
66
Change in cell membrane making it more negative
Hyperpolarization
67
Second phase of the action potential
Repolarization
68
What is the state of sodium channels during the resting state, depolarization, repolarization, and after hyperpolarization?
Close, close, open, close
69
What is the state of channels during the resting state, depolarization, repolarization, and after hyperpolarization?
Close, open, close, close
70
How is an action potential propagated?
Na+ ions travel down the axon; resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
71
The neurons responds completely not partway through
All or nothing response
72
What variables influence the conduction velocity of a neuron?
If it is myelinated or not, thickness of axon
73
Is there an accumulation of positive or negative charges in a resting neuron?
negative
74
A drug that blocks the opening of sodium channels
Novocaine
75
What are 2 important factors that drive the movement of Na+ and K+ across the membranes?
Electrochemical and concentration gradient
76
How many Na+ ions get out of the cell?
3
77
How many K+ ions get into the cell?
2

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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