Semester 2 Exam** Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Closes off the larynx during swallowing
A
Epiglottis
2
Q
Windpipe
A
Trachea
3
Q
Smallest conducting respiratory passageways
A
Bronchioles
4
Q
Organs of gas exchange
A
Lungs
5
Q
Known as the breathing muscle; separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
A
Diaphragm
6
Q
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea and aso houses the vocal cords
A
Larynx
7
Q
Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
A
Hard palate
8
Q
Breaks down starch during mechanical digestion
A
Amylase
9
Q
Helps with mechanical digestion
A
Teeth
10
Q
What are teeth made of?
A
Enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves, blood vessels
11
Q
Mixing food with saliva
A
Bolus
12
Q
Series of muscular contractions
A
Peristalsis
13
Q
Helps to break down protein
A
Pepsin
14
Q
Watery mixture of stomach fluids and food
A
Chyme
15
Q
Finger like projections in the small intestine
A
Villi
16
Q
Keeps the small intestines together
A
Mesentary
17
Q
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
A
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
18
Q
What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?
A
Ascending, traverse, descending, rectal
19
Q
What accessory organ produces bile?
A
Liver
20
Q
What does bile break down?
A
Fat, carbs, proteins, detoxes alcohol
21
Q
What does the pancreas secrete?
A
Insulin and pancreatic juices
22
Q
What is the function of the pancreas?
A
Produce insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, produce pancreatic juices to break down nutrients, produce sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
23
Q
Detects tissue damage
A
Pain receptors
24
Q
Responds to temperature
A
Thermoreceptors
25
Small oval masses of flattened connective tissue; detects changes in pressure or movement
Mechanoreceptors
26
Detect light energy
Photoreceptors
27
Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
28
Low hematocrit disorder
Anemia
29
Senses change in the chemical concentration of substances
Chemoreceptors
30
What is the function of red blood cells?
Increase surface area and transporting gases
31
The production of red blood cells
Erythropoiesis
32
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
33
What is the function of the leukocytes?
Protect against infection
34
Squeezing of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls
Diapedesis
35
The hormone that stimulates megakaryocytes and platelets develop from hemocytoblasts
Thrombopoietin
36
What is the function of thrombocytes?
Help in blood clotting
37
A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
Vasoconstriction
38
An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
Vasodilation
39
Part of the pharynx in the posterior part of the nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
40
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
Provides a passageway for air during breathing
41
Passageway for food moving downward fro the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
Oropharynx
42
Binds food particles and lubricates the food during swallowing
Mucus
43
Secretion of the gastric glands in the stomach
Gastric juices
44
Hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets that releases stored glucose
Glucagon
45
Lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens
B cell
46
Proteins that B cells of the immune system produce in response to nonself antigens
Antibodies
47
Chemicals that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
Antigens
48
A type of lymphocyte that interacts directly with antigens, producing the cellular immune response
T cell
49
What is the function of lacteals?
Absorb digested fats and transport them to the venous circulation
50
Where are lacteals located?
Lining of the small intestine
51
Beginning of the large intestine; a large dilated pouchlike structure that hangs slightly below the ileocecal opening
Cecum
52
Thick folds of the stomach's inner lining
Rugae
53
Blood vessels located on the surface of the heart
Coronary blood vessels
54
Brings newly absorbed nutrients into the sinusoids and nourishes hepatic cells
Hepatic veins
55
Encloses, protects and regulates the temperature of the testes
Scrotum
56
Produces sperm cells and secretes male sex hormones
Testes
57
Stores sperm cells undergoing maturation
Epididymis
58
Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
59
Helps to reduce the acidity of semen
Prostate gland
60
Secretes fluid to lubricate penis
Cowpers/bulbourethral gland
61
Conveys semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse
Penis
62
Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Ovaries
63
Conveys secondary oocyte to the uterus; site of fertilization
Fallopian tubes
64
Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
Uterus
65
Narrow inferior end of uterus that leads into the vagina
Cervix
66
Provides an open channel for offspring during the birth process
Vagina
67
Cartilage on rib bones that attaches to the sternum; helps rib cage to expand during inhaling/exhaling
Intercostal cartilage
68
General defense mechanism against pathogens; born with it
Innate
69
What is the first line of defense?
Skin and mucous
70
What is the 2nd line of defense?
Chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever
71
What are some examples of chemical barriers?
enzymes, HCl, gastric juices
72
Defends against virus and cancer cells
Natural killer cells
73
What is the 3rd line of defense?
Antigens (B-cells and T-cells)
74
Target specific to pathogens (toxins, metabolic products produced by pathogens)
Adaptive
75
What is the difference between B-cells and T-cells?
T-cells will need phagocytosis to happen before it can digest the antigen
76
A response that must interact with another cell before it happens
Cell mediated response
77
A response that happens in blood and bodily fluids
Humoral response
78
What is the function of the lymph trunks?
Drain lymph from the body
79
What are the names of the collecting ducts?
Thoracic and right duct
80
What blood vessels do collecting ducts drain into?
Subclavian vein
81
Bean shaped with blood vessel nerves and efferent lymphatic vessels attached to the hilum
Lymph nodes
82
What does the lymph node contain?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
83
Hormones that influences the maturation of T lymphocytes
Thymosin
84
What is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
Filters blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
85
What are the 2 functions of the lymphatic system?
To circulate different materials and to protect against pathogens
86
What is the difference between veins and lymph vessels?
Lymph vessels have flap-like valves
87
What happens when large lymph vessels merge?
Become lymphatic trunks
88
Tiny close-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces
Lymph capillary
89
Fluid inside of lymph capillaries
Lymph
90
What do lymph capillaries receive?
Tissue fluid
91
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Immunity and the transportation of fluids
92
What are the components of a lymphatic pathway?
Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunk, collecting ducts
93
How is tissue fluid formed?
Blood plasma leaving blood capillaries
94
What is the composition of tissue fluid?
Water and dissolved substances
95
How is lymph formed?
Tissue fluid entering a lymphatic capillary
96
What is the function of lymph?
Transporting foreign particles to lymph nodes
97
Describe the forces responsible for the circulation of lymph
Muscular activity and hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid
98
A condition that interferes with the flow in lymph
Edema
99
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph; monitoring body fluids
100
What is the the function of macrophages?
Engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris
101
Inflammation of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
102
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Releases thymosin that helps to mature T-cells
103
What characteristics of the spleen allow it to function as a blood reservoir?
It has venous sinuses and blood capillaries in he pulp are permeable
104
What characters in the spleen allow it to function in the defense against foreign particles?
It has macrophages in the splenic sinus
105
What kinds of agents cause disease?
Pathogens
106
What are 2 major types of defenses prevent disease?
Innate and adaptive
107
An organism or species develops a disease that are unique to it
Species resistance
108
What structures function as mechanical barriers?
mucus membranes and skin
109
What enzymes help us resist infection?
Lysozyme, HCl, pepsin, salt
110
Bind to receptors on uninfected cells, stimulating them to synthesize proteins to prevent replication
Interferon
111
Tissue response to an injury or infection causing redness and swelling
Inflammation
112
Blood vessel dilation that increases blood flow
Redness
113
Increase in permeability of nearby capillaries
Swelling
114
Blood from deeper body parts
Heat
115
Stimulation of nearby pain receptors
Pain
116
How does fever help protect the body from pathogens?
It helps to destroy enzymes that make pathogens grow
117
Describe how inflammation is a defense against infection
Release chemicals that attract white blood cells to inflammation sites where they phagocytize pathogens
118
Where do lymphocytes originate?
Red bone marrow
119
What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes?
B originates in bone marrow while T is in the thymus
120
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
Respond to antigens; immunity
121
How do lymphocytes carry out these functions?
Cell mediated and humoral response
122
Involves a phagocyte digesting an antigen before this response can happen
Cell mediated
123
Involves a B-cell digesting an entire antigen; happens in body fluids
Humoral
124
B or T cells produced in the primary immune response that respond rapidly if the same antigen is encountered again
Memory cells
125
Destroy specific antigens or antigen bearing particles
Antibodies
126
The first time a B or T cells encounters an antigen, release some antibodies
Primary immune response
127
Memory B or T cells will recognize the antigen right away and releases lots of antibodies
Secondary immune response
128
Exposure to live pathogens
Naturally acquired active immunity
129
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens
Artificially acquired active immunity
130
Injection or gamma globulin containing antibodies
Artificially acquired passive immunity
131
Antibodies passed to the fetus from the mother
Naturally acquired passive immunity
132
Repeated exposure of the skin to certain allergens which activates T-cells to respond
Delayed allergic reaction
133
Activates B-cells right away and attacks the allergen
Immediate allergic reaction
134
How is a tissue rejection reaction an immune response?
Immune system may think of the tissue as foreign so it attacks it
135
What could we do to reduce the possibility of tissue/organ rejection?
Immunosuppressive drugs
136
Trace the flow of lymph capillaries to the subclavian veins
Lymph capillaries, afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels, lymph trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein
