Endocrine System Flashcards by Joseph Sedillo

Pituitary Gland

"”Master Gland””: Two parts (neurohypophysis, adenohypophysis)

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Pituitary Gland location

Hangs from hypothalmus, protected by turcica

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Posterior pituitary gland

Produces ADH and Oxytocin, releases when neural impulse from hypothalamus

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Anterior pituitary gland

Produces GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH, and otherreleasing hormones.

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ADH

"”Vasopressin””, maintains BP by reabsorption of water by kidney tubules and vasoconstriction

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Oxytocin

Stimulates contraction of uterus and release of milk

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Hormone

Chemical substance secreted by a gland into the BLOODSTREAM that controls another gland or body system.

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Diuresis

The formation of urine (not peeing), but once it goes to the bladder you can’t get urine back.

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Amines

Variations of thyrosine, include thyroxin, epi, and nor-epi

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Proteins

Chains of amino acids, insulin, groth hormone, and calcitonin

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Steroids

Made of cholesterol, cortisol, aoldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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Hormones work on this feedback mechanism

Negative feedback mechanism

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What do endocrine glands respond to?

Blood level changes or other hormones present in the blood stream

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Hypothalmus

Releasing hormones for anterior pituitary

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Pineal Gland

Melatonin

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Thymus Gland

Immune hormones, huge when we’re born and gets smaller with age

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Pancreas

Insulin and Glucagon

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Ovaries

Estrogen, progesterone, and Inhibin

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Reabsortion

"”Put it back in the blood stream””

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Parathyroid Glands

PTH: parathyroid hormone can increase calcium in blood stream. They are found behind the thyroid, pea shaped and can have 3-6 other them.

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Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

Cortex: Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones Medulla: Epi and Nor-epi

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Testes

Testosterone, Inhibin

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands

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T3 and T4

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxin: Increase energy production and rate of protein synthesis

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Growth Hormone: Increases mitosis, amino acid transport into cell, protein synthesis, and use of fats for energy

Thyroid Gland location

Front and sides of trachea, the two lobes are connected by isthmus (bridge across trachea)

Thyroid Gland

Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin (regulates calcium in calcium when calcium level too high ""calcitone it down"")

Another name for a tumor

Neoplasm

Graves Disease

Hyperthyroidism: Abnormal thyroid stimulating mechanism, increased iodide uptake, thyroid metabolism, growth, and secretion of hormone

Thyrotoxic Crisis (thyroid storm)

worsening of a thyrotoxic state, possible death within 48 hours (no way to stop thyroid from releasing hormone, we can only sedate them)

The hormone that lowers blood glucose level by enabling cells to take glucose in

Insulin

The hormone that increases the rate of cell division

Growth Hormone

Pancreas

Endocrine functions: islets of langerhans have three types of cells; Alpha, Beta, and Delta

Alpha Cells in Pancreas

Produce Glucagon

Beta Cells in Pancreas

Produce Insulin

Delta Cells in Pancreas

Somatostatin

The two hormones that regulate blood calciumn level

Parathyroid Hormone and calcitonin

The hormone that intiates egg or sperm production

FSH

In men, the hormone necessary for maturation of sperm

Testosterone

In women, the hormone that causes ovulation

Two hormones that cause the liver to change glycogen to glucose

glucagon and epinephrine

The hormones that increase protein synthesis and the use of all 3 food types for energy

Thyroxine

Hypoglycemia

ALOC first sign because brain is most sensitive to lact of glucose, signs of shock and eventual cellular death

The hormone that slows peristalsis and dilates the bronchioles

Epinephrine

The hormone that has an anti-inflammatory affect

Cortisol

The hormone that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

ADH

The hormone that increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

PTH

The Hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

Aldosterone

In women, two hormones that promote growth of blood vessels in the endometrium

estrogen and progesterone

In women, the hormone that promotes growth of the corpus luteum

The hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammory glands

prolactin

The hormone that causes strong contractions of the uterus during labor

oxytocin

The hormone that increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy while sparing glucose for use by the brain

cortisol

Two hormones that help maintain BP by maintaining normal blood volume

ADH and aldosterone

Localized hormones that are synthesized from the phospholipids pf cell membranes

prostaglandins

Glucagon

Does not add sugar, gluconeogenesis: stimulates the body to break down fats/etc to get glucose from other places in the body, works for a short period of time but builds up acid and the patient still needs glucose.

Glucose cellular uptake WITHOUT insulin

1/10 as effective

Steroid hormones are believed to exert their effect by stimulating the synthesis of:

Proteins

The two-messenger mechanism of hormone action describes the action of:

protein hormones

The hormone produced by the ovaries or testes that inhibits the secretion of FSH

Inhibin

The hormone that brings about sleep

melatonin

The hormone that increases excretion of potassium by the kidneys

Aldosterone

The secretion of insulin in response to fluctuating blood glucose levels is a __________feedback mechanism

Negative feedback mechanism

Secretion of the hormones of anterior pituitary gland is regulated by:

Hypothalamus

The stimulus for secretion of glucagon

hypoglycemia

The functions of epinephrine are very similar to the functions of:

The sympathetic nervous system

The stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone

low blood sodium level

Type II DM

Fixed number of insulin receptors get rid of them two ways, demage exceeds supply (get fat or pregnant) or wear out (with age or from excessive consumption = can't keep up with demand)

DKA Tx

ABCs, intubation, fluid boluses (1-2 liters), cardiac monitoring (hyperkelemia)

HONK

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic coma- when the body does not kick in gluconeogenesis

Adrenal Medulla

Catacholomines: Epi and Nor-epi

Adrenal Cortex

Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

ADH

causes vasoconstriction and water reabsorption (fluid back into blood stream)

Adrenal glands

on top of kidneys

In adrenal cotrex

gluco corticoids and _______ corticoids

Overheating

hyperthyroidism

Islets of Longehans

In the pancreas, make alpha, beta, and delta cells

Infection or autoimmune of pancreas

type I DM

Kussmal

Hyperglycemia

Respiratory depression

hypoglycemia

Rapid onset

hypoglycemia

Glucagon

Is a hormone and also a beta blocker (antidote for beta blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose)

15mils of D50

25 grams of sugar