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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of Nervous System

A

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, which carry impulses between the brain and neck and head, and spinal nerves, which carry messages between the spinal cord and abdomen, limbs and chest.

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2
Q

Function of Nervous System

A

The nervous system forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities. As a whole, the nervous system is designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory information, and send directions to muscle or glands in response. This system also provides for mental activities such as thought, memory and emotions.

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3
Q

brain

A

contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities

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4
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscle, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum

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5
Q

ventricles

A

spaces within the brain that contain fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

cerebellum

A

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balancee (also called hindbrain)

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7
Q

brainstem

A

stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. 10 of the 12 cranial nerves orginate in the brainstem.

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8
Q

pons

A

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

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9
Q

medulla oblongata

A

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains the centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determning blood pressure

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10
Q

midbrain

A

most superior portion of the brainstem

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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, odorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients and clears metabolic waste.

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12
Q

spinal cord

A

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain

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13
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer of the meninges

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15
Q

arachnoid

A

delicate middle layer of the meninges. It is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space.

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16
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer of the meninges

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17
Q

nerve

A

cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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18
Q

ganglion (pl. ganglia)

A

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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19
Q

glia

A

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. they do not conduct impulses. three types of glia are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)

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20
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced

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21
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum, brain

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23
Q

dur/o

A

hard, dura mater

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24
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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25
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
26
gli/o
glia, gluey substance
27
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
28
neur/o
nerve
29
radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord)
30
esthesi/o
sensation, sensitivity, feeling
31
ment/o, psych/o
mind
32
mon/o
one, single
33
phas/o
speech
34
poli/o
gray matter
35
quadr/i
four
36
-iatrist
specialist, physician (logist also means specialist)
37
-iatry
treatment, specialty
38
-ictal
seizure, attack
39
-paresis
slight paralysis (-plegia also mean paralysis)
40
cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-I-tis)
inflammation of the cerebellum
41
cerebral thrombosis (se-RE-bral throm-BO-sis)
pertaining to the cerebrum, abnormal condition of a clot (blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain) (cause of ischemic stroke)
42
duritis (du-RI-tis)
inflammation of the dura mater
43
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
44
encephalpmalacia (en-sef-a-lo-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the brain
45
encephalomyeloradiculitis (en-sef-a-lo-mi-e-lo-ra-dik-u-LI-tis)
inflammation of the brain spinal cord, and nerve roots.
46
ganglitis
inflammation of the ganglion
47
glioblastoma
tumor composed of developing glial tissue (most common and most malignant tumor of the brain)
48
glioma
tumor composed of the glial tissue (used to describe all primary neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord)
49
meningioma
tumor of the meninges (benign and slow growing)
50
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
51
meningocele (me-NING-go-sel)
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (also called myelomeningocele)
52
monoeuropathy (mon-o-nu-ROP-a-the)
disease affecting a single nerve
53
neuralgia (nu-RAL-ja)
pain in the nerve
54
neurasthenia (nu-ras-THE-ne-a)
nerve weakness
55
neuritis
inflammation of the nerve
56
neuroarthropathy
disease of nerves and joints
57
neuroma
tumor made up of nerve cells
58
neuropathy
disease of the nerves (peripheral)
59
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (commonly called polio and caused by one of 3 viruses)
60
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
61
polyneuropathy
disease of many nerves
62
radiculitis
inflammarion of the nerve roots
63
radiculopathy
disease of the nerve root
64
rhizomeningomyelitis
inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord
65
subdural hematoma
pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood
66
alzheimer disease (AD)
disease characterized by early dementia, confusion, loss of recognition of persons, or fimiliar surroundings, restlessness and impaired memory
67
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles (also called Lou Gehrig disease)
68
Bell palsy
paralysis of muscles on one side of the face, usually a temporary condition. signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid
69
cerebral aneurysm
aneurysm in the cerebrum
70
cerebral embolism
an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing a sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue.
71
cerebral palsy (CP)
condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after
72
dementia
cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function
73
epilepsy
condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term for abnormal electrical activity in the brain
74
hydrocephalus
increase amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants
75
intracerebral hemorrhage
bleeding in the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure
76
multiple sclerosis (MS)
degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord. Signs and symptoms are variable and fluctuate over the course of the disease. More common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems
77
parkinson disease (PD)
chronic degenerative diseaseof the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years
78
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods.
79
shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (also called herpes zoster)
80
stroke
occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die withing minutes. Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or brain attack)
81
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding caused by a ruptured blood vessel just outside the brain that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull with blood.
82
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. Symptoms are similar to a stroke, but the outcome is complete recovery. TIA's are often warning signs for eventual occurence of a stroke
83
ganglionectomy
excision of a ganglion (also called gangliectomy)
84
neurectomy
excision of the nerve
85
neurolysis
separating a nerve (from adhesion)
86
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve
87
neurorrhaphy
suture of a nerve
88
neurotomy
incision into a nerve
89
radicotomy, rhizotomy
incision into a nerve root
90
cerebral angiography
radiographic imaging of the blood vessels in the brain
91
CT myelography
process of recording the spinal cord
92
electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of the electrical impulses of the brain
93
electroencephalograph
instrument used to record the electrical impulses of the brain
94
electroencephalography
process of recording the electrical impulses of the brain
95
computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)
process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. The procedure is painless and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors
96
magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine
a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Unlike CT scan, MRI produces images without use of radiation.
97
positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)
nuclear medicine imaging technique with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity.
98
evoked potential studies (EP studies)
a group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stumuli.
99
lumbar puncture (LP)
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. (also called a spinal tap)
100
anesthesia
without (loss of) feeling or sensation
101
aphasia
condition of without speaking
102
cephalalgia
pain in the head (also called cephalgia)
103
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
104
craniocerebral
pertaining to the cranium and cerebrum
105
dysphasia
condition of difficulty speaking
106
encephalosclerosis
hardening of the brain
107
gliocyte
glial cell
108
hemiparesis
slight paralysis of half (right or left side of the body)
109
hemiplegia
paralysis of half, stroke is the most common cause
110
hyperesthesia
excessive sensitivity
111
interictal
occuring between seizures or attacks
112
intracerebral
pertaining to within the cerebrum
113
mental
pertaining to the mind
114
monoparesis
slight paralysis of one limb
115
monoplegia
paralysis of one limb
116
myelomalacia
softening of the spinal cord
117
neuroid
resembling a nerve
118
neurologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the nerves
119
neurology
study of nerves
120
panplegia
total paralysis (also spelled pamplegia
121
paresthesia
abnormal sensation
122
postictal
occuring after a seizure or attack
123
preictal
occuring before a seizure or attack
124
quadriplegia
paralysis of 4 limbs
125
subdural
pertaining to below the dura mater
126
afferent
conveying toward a center
127
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
128
cognitive
pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason
129
coma
state of profound unconsciousness
130
concsussion
injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss o consciousness
131
conscious
awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings
132
convulsion
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during seizure
133
disorientation
a state of mental confusion as to time, place or identity
134
dysarthria
the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system
135
efferent
conveying away from the center
136
gait
a manner or style of walking
137
incoherent
unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner
138
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord
139
seizure
sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
140
shunt
tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid
141
syncope
fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
142
unconsciousness
state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness or drugs
143
psychiatrist
a physician who studies and treats disorders of the mind
144
psychiatry
specialty of the mind
145
psychogenic
originating in the mind
146
psychologist
specialist of the mind
147
pyschology
study of the mind
148
psychopathy
disease of the mind
149
psychosis
abnormal condition of the mind
150
psychosomatic
pertaining to the mind and body
151
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image.
152
anxiety disorder
an emotional disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising from anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
153
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractability, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity
154
autism
features include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication.
155
bipolar disorder
a major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. the
156
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by pruging
157
major depression
a mood disturbance characterized by feeling of sadness, despair, discouragement.
158
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
intrusive unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals
159
panic attack
sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension... etc
160
phobia
a marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation
161
pica
compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. Often because of iron deficiency. It that is the cause it will disappear in 1 or 2 weeks
162
schizophrenia
any one of a large group of psychotic disorders with gross distortions of reality
163
somatoform disorders
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
164
AD
Alzheimer disease
165
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
166
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
167
CNS
central nervous system
168
CP
cerebral palsy
169
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
170
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
171
EEG
electroencephalogram
172
EP studies
evoked potential studies
173
LP
lumbar puncture
174
MRI scan
magnetic resonance imaging scan
175
MS
multiple sclerosis
176
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
177
PD
parkinson disease
178
PET scan
positron emission tomography scan
179
PNS
peripheral nervous system
180
PTSD
posttraumatic stress disorder
181
TIA
transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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