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Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

myology

A

scientific study of muscles

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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached primarily to bone, striated and voluntary

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

most of the heart, striated and involuntary

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4
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow internal organs, blood vessels, stomach, non-striated, involuntary

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5
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. produce body movements 2. stabilize body positions 3. store and move substances within the body 4. generate heat
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6
Q

tendon

A

"”pick up sticks”” (panty hose) fascia, stretched beyond muscle as connective tissue attaches muscle to bone

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7
Q

muscle fascicle

A

groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, arranged in bundles

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8
Q

muscle fiber (cell)

A

1 ““pick up stick”” each muscle is a separate organ composed of hundreds of long, cylindrical cells, lie parallel to one another. contains myofibrils

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9
Q

myofibrils

A

"”piece”” threads in sarcoplasm, extends lengthwise. contain the myofilaments

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10
Q

myofilaments

A

what thick and thin filaments are called, contractile proteins

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11
Q

thick filament- myosin

A

2 golf clubs twisted together, produce power stroke

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12
Q

thin filament- actin

A

twisted helix, binding site for myosin

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13
Q

thin filament- tropomyosin

A

covers the myosin head-binding site on actin in relaxed muscle

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14
Q

thin filament- troponin

A

once bound to calcium, drags tropomyosin away from the binding sites

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15
Q

sarcomere

A

describes the arrangement of the above myofilaments. compartments where think and thick filaments are arranged. basic functional unit of the muscle cell

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16
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle fiber cytoplasm

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17
Q

the sliding filament mechanism

A

describes a muscle contraction. the length of the filaments do not change, filaments overlap, shortening the sarcomere as the muscle contracts.

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18
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

a fluid filled cavity around each myofibril that stores calcium via the calcium pump

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19
Q

calcium

A

in relaxed muscle, calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. when released starts the filaments sliding (contracts)

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20
Q

what must happen for a muscle to contract?

A

motor neuron, action potential, acetylcholin is released, release of calcium, calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium binds to troponin

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21
Q

ATP

A

energy source that makes all this happen

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22
Q

how does muscle fiber relax?

A

action potential stops, acetylcholine stops, calcium chambers close, calcium pump removes the remaining calcium, myosin heads no longer can bind, muscle will now relax

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23
Q

origin of muscle

A

attachment to tendon to stationary bone

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24
Q

insertion of muscle

A

attachment of other tendon to movable bone

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25
belly of muscle
fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons
26
muscles of facial expression
originate in the bones of skull and insert into the skin
27
frontal belly
scalp anteriorly
28
occipital belly
scalp posteriorly
29
orbicularis oris
closes and protrudes the lips. shapes the lips during speech
30
zygomaticus (major and minor)
muscles for smiling
31
levator labii superioris
raises upper lip
32
depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
33
buccinator
major cheek muscle
34
platysma
draws lower lip inferiorly, depresses mandible
35
orbicularis oculi
closes eye
36
intrinsic of eyeball
muscles that would originate and insert inside the eye
37
extrinsic of eyeball
outside the eye. fastest contracting and most precisely controlled skeletal muscles of the body.
38
superior rectus
eyeball superiorly
39
inferior rectus
eyeball inferiorly
40
lateral rectus
eyeball laterally
41
medial rectus
eyeball medially
42
superior oblique
rotate eye on axis
43
inferior oblique
rotate eye on axis
44
muscles that move the mandible
muscles of mastication
45
masseter
elevates the mandible as in chewing
46
temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible as in chewing
47
muscles that move the tongue
need for chewing, swallowing
48
extrinsic of tongue
outside the tongue, moves the entire tongue
49
intrinsic of tongue
inside the tongue, alter the shape of the tongue
50
placement of hyoid bone
in the neck, between mandible & larynx, doesn't articulate with any other bone
51
sternocleidomastoid
flex cervical/neck area, flex head and rotate head to side
52
semispinalis capitis
acting together, extend head, singly, rotate head to side
53
splenius capitis
acting together, extend head. singly rotate head to same side
54
tendionous intersections
anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue
55
linea alba
(white line) tough, fibrous band extends from the xiphoid process of the pubic symphysis
56
rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column, lumbar and compresses abdomen
57
external oblique and internal oblique
acting together, flexes vertebral. singly, latterly flexes vertebral column
58
transversus abdominis
compresses abdomen
59
muscles in anterolateral abdominal wall superficial to deep
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
60
diaphragm
dome shaped, most important muscle that powers breathing. results in inhalation
61
intercostals
breathing muscles, between the ribs
62
external intercostals
inhalation
63
internal intercostals
exhalation
64
muscles of pelvic floor
pelvic diaphragm, stretches from pubis to the coccyx and one lateral wall to the other
65
levator ani and coccygeus and ischiococcygeus
supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera
66
muscles of the perineum
inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
67
external urethral sphincter
expels last drop of urine and semen
68
external anal sphincter
keeps anal canal and anus closed
69
pectoralis minor
(anterior,deep) abducts scapula and rotates it downward
70
serratus anterior
(anterior, saw-toothed) abducts scapula and rotates it upward. punching and pushing
71
trapezius
(posterior) located in the neck and upper back area. elevates scapula, extends head
72
pectoralis major
located in the upper chest. adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint. crosses arms
73
latissimus dorsi
triangular muscle located in the middle and inferior part of back. draws arms inferiorly and posteriorly
74
deltoid
located over shoulder. abducts arm, flex and medially rotate and extend and laterally rotate at shoulder joint
75
rotator cuff muscles
strengthens and stabilizes the shoulder joint. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
76
muscles that move the radius and ulna
most cause flexion and extension at the elbow which is a hinge joint
77
flexors
anterior surface of the rectus abdominis is interrupted by 3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue
78
biceps brachii
flexes forearm
79
brachialis
flexes forearm
80
brachioradialis
flexes forearm
81
extensors
posterior surface
82
triceps brachii
extends forearm
83
muscles that move the wrist, hand and fingers
are many and varies; located in the forearm
84
anterior compartment muscles
flexors
85
posterior compartment muscles
extensors
86
flexors retinaculum
over the palmar surface of the carpal bones
87
gluteus maximus
extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh
88
gluteus medius
abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
89
gluteus minimus
abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
90
anterior (extensor) compartment
thigh extends the leg (at knee joint) and flexes the thigh (at hip joint)
91
quadriceps femoris
largest muscle in the body. composite of four separate muscles
92
rectus femoris
only one to flex thigh at hip joint
93
vastus lateralis
all extends leg a knee joint
94
sartorius
longest muscle in body. flexes leg at knee joint. rotates thigh at hip joint
95
semimembranosus
extends thigh at hip joint
96
anterior compartment (dorsiflex) - tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint
97
pasterior compartment (plantar flexion) -gastrocnemius
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
98
posterior compartment (plantar flexion) -soleus
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
99
calcaneal (achilles) tendon
superficial muscles share this common tendon of insertion. strongest tendon of the body, inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle
100
posterior (flexor) compartment
thigh flexes the leg and extends the thigh
101
hamstrings
composite of three separate muscles
102
biceps femoris
all
103
semitendinosus
flexes leg at knee joint
104
isometric contractions
tension increases greatly without a change in muscle length
105
isotonic contraction
tension remains constant as muscle length decreases or increases
106
rigor mortis
state of rigidity after death, calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Myosin heads bind to actin that won't detach from ATP absence. stuck for 24 hours then disintegrate.
107
twitch
brief contraction in motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron
108
muscle tone
at rest, small amount of tautness or tension due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units
109
hypotonia (flaccid paralysis)
loss of muscle tone, loose, flattened. muscles may atrophy and degenerate
110
hypertonia (spasticity)
increased muscle tone may become stiff or rigid
111
muscular atrophy
reduction in size
112
disuse
casting, bedridden
113
denervation
loss of nerve supply
114
cellular respiration
oxygen + glucose = ATP
115
botulism
a disease characterized by severe, potentially fatal paralysis of skeletal muscles, that results from the consumption of a bacterial toxin.
116
carpal tunnel syndrome
inflammation of the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons of the palm and leads to nerve compression and pain.
117
compartment syndrome
Ischemia that results form accumulated blood and fluid trapped within limb muscle compartments formed by partitions of dense connenctive tissue
118
fibrosis
a process in which a tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue. Fibrosis makes muscles weaker and less flexible.
119
hernia
a condition involving an organ or a body part that protrudes through an abnormal opening in the wall fo a body cavity.
120
Intramuscular Injection (IM)
the administration of a drug by injectiong it into the mass of a large skeletal muscle.
121
ischemia
a deficiency of blood (''blood starvation'') in a body part due to compression of a regional vessels.
122
muscle cramps
prolonged, involuntary, painful mussular contrations.
123
muscular dystrophies
a varied collection of inherited diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration.
124
myalgia
muscular pain; a common symptom of a wide variety of conditions and infections.
125
myasthenia gravis
a general muscular weakness that results from a reduction in the number of Ach receptors on the motor end plate
126
myoma
a benign tumor of muscle tissue
127
myositis
inflammation of muscle tissue
128
polio
a viral disease in which the destruction of motor neurons produces paralysis and atrophy of motor units.
129
rigor mortis
a state following death during which muscles are locked in the contracted position, which make sthe body extremely stiff.
130
sarcoma
a malignant tumor of mesoderm-derived tissue (muscle, bone or other ocnnective tissue).
131
strains
tears or breaks in muscles
132
tendinitis
inflammation of the conenctive tissue that surrounds a tendon.
133
tetanus
a disease caused by a bacterial toxin that results in sustained, powerful contractions of skeletal muscles throughout the body.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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