Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
periosteum
A
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
2
Q
compact bone
A
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
3
Q
cancellous (spongy) bone
A
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bones
4
Q
endosteum
A
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
5
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of the long bones
6
Q
epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)
A
end of each long bone
7
Q
bone marrow
A
material found in the cavities of the bones
8
Q
red marrow
A
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formaiton
9
Q
yellow marrow
A
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
10
Q
maxilla
A
upper jaw bone
11
Q
mandible
A
lower jaw bone
12
Q
vertebral column
A
made up of bones called vertebrae (pl) or vertebra (singular) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord
13
Q
cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
A
first set of seven bones, froming the neck
14
Q
thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
A
second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pair of ribs to form the outward curve of the spin.
15
Q
lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
A
third set of five larger vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the spine
16
Q
sacrum
A
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
17
Q
coccyx
A
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
18
Q
lamina (pl. laminae)
A
part of the vertebral arch
19
Q
clavicle
A
collarbone
20
Q
scapula
A
shoulder blade
21
Q
acromion process
A
extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
22
Q
sternum
A
breastbone
23
Q
xiphoid process
A
lower portion of the sternum
24
Q
humerus
A
upper arm bone
25
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
26
olecranon process
projection at the upper end of the ulnathat forms the the bony point of the elbow
27
carpal bones
wrist bones
28
metacarpal bones
hand bones
29
phalanges (sing. phalanx)
finger and toe bones
30
pelvic bone, hip bone
made up of three bones fused together
31
ischium
lower rear portion on which one sits
32
ilium
upper, wing-shaped part on each side
33
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvic bone
34
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
35
femur
upper leg bone
36
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
37
patella (pl. patellae)
kneecap
38
tarsal bones
ankle bones
39
calcaneus
heel bone
40
metatarsal bones
foot bones
41
articular cartilage
smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints
42
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
43
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
44
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together
45
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities
46
bursa (pl. bursae)
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of the joint or the other
47
ligament
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
48
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
49
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
50
skeletal muscles (also known as striated muscles)
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also called voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.
51
smooth muscles (also known as unstriated muscles)
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily
52
cardiac muscle (known as myocardium)
forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat
53
abduction (ab-DUK-shun)
moving away from the midline
54
adduction (ad-DUK-shun)
moving toward the midline
55
inversion (in-VER-zhun)
turning inward
56
eversion (e-VER-zhun)
turning outward
57
extension (ek-STEN-shun)
movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
58
flexion
movement in which the limb is bent
59
pronation
movement that turns the palm down
60
supination
movement tha turns the palm up
61
rotation
turning around its own axis
62
carp/o
carpals (wrist bone)
63
clavic/o, clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
64
cost/o
rib
65
crani/o
cranium (skull)
66
femor/o
femur (upper leg bone)
67
fibul/o
fibula (lower leg bone)
68
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
69
ili/o
ilium
70
ischi/o
ischium
71
lumb/o
loin, lumbar region of the spine
72
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
73
maxil/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
74
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
75
pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis, pelvic bone
76
phalang/o
phalanges (finger or toe bones)
77
pub/o
pubis
78
rachi/o
spine/vertebral column
79
radi/o
radius (lower arm bone)
80
sacr/o
sacrum
81
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
82
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
83
stern/o
sternum
84
tars/o
tarsals (ankle bone)
85
tibi/o
tibia (lower leg bone)
86
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
87
aponeur/o
aponeurosis
88
arthr/o
joint
89
burs/o
bursa (cavity)
90
chondr/o
cartilage
91
disk/o
intervertebral disk
92
menisc/o
meniscus (crescent)
93
synovi/o
synovia, synovial membrane
94
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
95
ankyl/o
crooked, stiff, bent
96
kinesi/o
movement, motion
97
kyph/o
hump (increased convexity of the spine)
98
lamin/o
lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
99
lord/o
bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)
100
myel/o (also means spinal cord)
bone marrow
101
my/o, myos/o
muscle
102
oste/o
bone
103
petr/o
stone
104
scoli/o
crooked, curved
105
inter-
between
106
supra-
above
107
sym-, syn-
together, jointed
108
-asthenia
weakness
109
-clasia, clasis, -clast
break
110
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
111
-physis
growth
112
-schisis
split, fissure
113
ankylosis (ang-ki-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of stiffness
114
arthritis (ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of a joint
115
bursitis (ber-SI-tis)
inflammation of the bursa
116
chondromalacia (kon-dro-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the cartilage
117
cranioschisis (kra-ne-OS-ki-sis)
fissure of the skull (congenital)
118
diskitis (dis-KI-tis)
inflammation of the an intervertebral disk (also called discitis)
119
fibromyalgia (fi-bro-mi-AL-ja)
pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles
120
kyphosis (ki-FO-sis)
abnormal condition of a hump (also called humpback or hunchback)
121
lordosis (lor-DO-sis)
abnormal condition of bending forward (also called swayback)
122
maxillitis (mak-si-LI-tis)
inflammation of the maxilla
123
meniscitis (men-i-SI-tis)
inflammation of the meniscus
124
myasthenia (mi-as-THE-ne-a)
muscle weakness
125
myeloma (mi-e-LO-ma)
tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
126
osteitis (os-te-I-tis)
inflammation of the bone
127
osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and joint
128
osteochondritis (os-te-o-kon-DRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and cartilage
129
osteofibroma (os-te-o-fi-BRO-ma)
tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)
130
osteomalacia (os-te-o-ma-LA-sha)
softening of bones
131
osteomyelitis (os-te-o-mi-e-LI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
132
osteopenia (os-te-o-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused bu inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)
133
osteopetrosis (os-te-o-pe-TRO-sis)
abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marble like bones caused by increased formation of bone)
134
osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the bone
135
polymyositis (pol-e-mi-o-SI-tis)
inflammation of many muscles
136
rachischisis (ra-KIS-ki-sis)
fissure of the vertebral column (also called spinal bifida)
137
rhabdomyolysis (rab-do-mi-OL-i-sis)
dissolution of striated muscle (severity can vary can be caused trauma, extreme exertion and drug toxicity)
138
sarcopenia (sar-ko-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of connective tissue
139
scoliosis (sko-le-O-sis)
abnormal condition of (lateral) curved spine
140
spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the vertebral joints
141
spondylosis (spon-di-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of the vertebra
142
synoviosarcoma (si-no-ve-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
143
tendinitis (ten-di-NI-tis)
inflammation of a tendon (also spelt tendonitis)
144
tenosynovitis (ten-o-sin-o-VI-tis)
inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane
145
ankylosing spondylitis (ang-ki-LO-sing spon-di-LI-tis)
form of arthirits that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend to the spine (also called strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatiod spondylitis)
146
bunion (BUN-yun)
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)
147
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand
148
Colles fracture (KOL-ez)
a type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.
149
exostosis (ek-sos-TO-sis)
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)
150
fracture (fx)
broken bone
151
gout
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis
152
herniated disk
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protude through it, putting pressure of the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
153
lyme disease
an infection caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. May include rash and flu like symptoms.
154
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscles and weakness
155
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
156
osteoporosis (os-te-o-po-RO-sis)
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma
157
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
158
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is wither congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.
159
spondylolisthesis (spon-di-lo-lis-THE-sis)
forward slipping of one vertebra over another
160
aponeurorrhaphy (ap-o-nu-ROR-a-fe)
suture of an aponeurosis
161
arthrocentesis (ar-thro-sen-TE-sis)
surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
162
arthroclasia (ar-thro-KLA-zha)
surgical breaking of a stiff joint
163
arthrodesis (ar-thro-DE-sis)
surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)
164
arthroplasty (AR-thro-plas-te)
surgical repair of a joint
165
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
166
carpectomy (kar-PEK-to-me)
excision of a carpal bone
167
chondrectomy (kon-DREK-to-me)
excision of a cartilage
168
Total hip replacement arthroplasty (THA)
replacement of the hip joint with a metallic femoral head and a plastic coated acetabulum
169
Birmingham hip resurfacing
used for younger active patients. removal of a few millimeters of bone from the femoral head instead of the entire femoral head. a metal cap is placed on top of the femur, and smooth metal is placed in the acetabulum.
170
Total knee joint replacement arthroplasty (TKA)
is designed to replace worn surfaces of the knee joint. Various prostheses are used.
171
metatarsal arthroplasty
is used to treat deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis or hallux valgus and to treat painful or unstable joints.
172
chondroplasty (KON-dor-plas-te)
surgical repair of a cartilage
