Foundations of Immunology 1

Question 1

Define a pathogen.

Answer 1

Any microorganism that causes harm or disease i.e virus, protozoa, bacteria, fungi or parasite

Question 2

What 4 physical barriers are there?

Answer 2

Skin
Reproductive
Respiratory
Digestive tract

Question 3

What are 3 features of the innate immune system?

Answer 3

Non specific
First to come into play
Will produce the same response every time

Question 4

What are 3 features of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 4

Highly specific
Immunological memory
Antibody production

Question 5

If something goes past the physical barrier, the innate innate immune system will kick in and the area will become ______ and ______. There will be an influx of ______ to the area.

Answer 5

Red, swollen, macrophages.

Question 6

During phagocytosis, why do macrophages give off chemicals?

Answer 6

To restrict blood flow away from the site of injury.

Question 7

What causes the swelling?

Answer 7

Contraction of endothelial cells allowing some leakage.

Question 8

What is pus mainly made of?

Answer 8

Dead neutrophils.

Question 9

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

Answer 9

Many enzymes

Question 10

What is the least common granulocyte?

Answer 10

Basophil

Question 11

Give 2 examples of soluble substances with protective functions.

Answer 11

Growth/enzyme inhibitors
Lysins
Complementary proteins

Question 12

What 3 activation pathways are part of the complement system?

Answer 12

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

Question 13

How is classical activation pathway linked to the adaptive immune system?

Answer 13

It uses antibodies to start it off.

Question 14

All 3 pathways end up with a ______ convertase at the bottom and they bind to the cell being attacked, cleaving _____ in the serum surrounding it.

Answer 14

C5

Question 15

Name 4 functions of the complement system.

Answer 15

Induce lysis of microbes
Promote phagocytosis of microbes
Stimulate inflammation
Stimulate activation of B cells and Ab production

Question 16

What two receptors do natural killer cells have?

Answer 16

One for the protein on the target and one for MHC.

Question 17

What will cause the natural killer cell to kill the cell?

Answer 17

If only one of its receptors bind.

Question 18

Define cytokines.

Answer 18

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells.

Question 19

Define acute inflammatory response.

Answer 19

Initial response of the body to harmful stimuli.

Question 20

Define chronic inflammatory response.

Answer 20

Leads to progressive shift in the type of cells which are present at the site of inflammation.