Hematology PowerPoint Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
red blood cells also known as
A
erythrocytes
2
Q
primary function of red blood cells/erythrocytes
A
transport oxygen
3
Q
other function of RBC/erythrocyte
A
carry carbon dioxide back to lungs
4
Q
platelets also known as
A
thrombocytes
5
Q
primary function of platelets/thrombocytes
A
coagulation and capillary hemostasis
6
Q
WBC also known as
A
leukocytes
7
Q
WBC/luekocytes are the bodies
A
protective system
8
Q
5 types of WBC/leukocytes
A
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes (macrophages)
lymphocytes
9
Q
neutrophil function
A
phagocytosis
10
Q
eosinophil function
A
allergic reactions
11
Q
basophils function
A
inflammatory reactions
12
Q
monocytes (macrophages) function
A
phagocytosis, antigen processing
13
Q
lymphocyte function
A
humoral immunity (B cell)
cellular immunity (T cell)
14
Q
what cells are primary fighter cells
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
15
Q
hemoglobin
A
oxygen carrying protein in RBC
16
Q
hematocrit
A
proportion of RBC to plasma in blood
17
Q
MCV
A
average size of RBC
18
Q
MCH
A
average mass or volume of HBG per RBC
19
Q
RBC distribution width RDW
A
measure of the variation of RBC
20
Q
WBC standard value
A
4.5-11
21
Q
RBC standard value
A
3.5-5.5
22
Q
hemoglobin standard value
A
12-15
23
Q
hematocrit standard value
A
36-48
24
Q
MCV standard value
A
79-101
25
MCH standard value
25-35
26
MCHC standard value
31-37
27
RDW-CV standard value
11-16
28
platelet count standard value
150-420
29
MPV standard value
7-10
30
anemia defintion
a reduction in the number of RBC's, the quantity of hemoglobin and the volume of packed red cells to below normal levels
31
some reasons to develop anemia
decreased production
blood loss
increase use ~ child growing rapidly
32
examples of decreased production of anemia
marrow infiltration/injury
nutritional deficiency
erythropoietin deficiency
ineffective erythropoiesis
33
examples of blood loss of anemia
hemolysis
- acquired
- inherited
34
acquired hemolysis
hemolytic jaundice
Rh/ABO incompatible
35
what will the reticulocyte count be with decreased proaction anemia
inappropriately low
36
what will the reticulocyte count be with blood loss anemia
inappropriately high
37
what is reituclocyte count
how much RBC you are producing
38
can a low reticulocyte count be normal
yes, especially if the H and H is normal because there is no need to make more RBC
39
most common type of anemia
iron def
40
microcytic anemia
small
hypochromic
low MCV
41
normocytic anemia
decreased red blood cell production
or
increased red blood cell loss
42
macrocytic anemia
large red blood cells
- vit b12 and folate def
43
iron def is what type of anemia
microcytic
44
is iron def hypo chromic
yes due to lack of iron
45
in iron def what happens
ineffective for carrying o2
46
who is more likely to have iron def
toddlers drinking lots of milk
- more than 16-24 oz/day
menorrhagia
GI bleeding
47
physiologic ANEMIA
fetal hemoglobin breaks down faster and adult hemoglobin isn't developed
48
when does physiologic anemia occur
6mo
- which is why iron fortified foods exist
49
s/s of iron def
tachycardia
- due to O2 carrying capacity being reduced
tachypnea
- due to decreased O2 carrying capacity
cardiomegaly
- hearts working harder and due to tachycardia
glossitis (tongue swelling)
angular stomatitis
decreased attention span
decreased alertness
decreased leraning
koilonychia (spoon nails)
50
iron def manifestations are based on
severity
51
tx of iron def
2-5mg/kg/day of elemental iron
52
iron should be taken with
ascorbic acid or Vit C to improve absorption
53
side effects of iron pills
GI
- N/V/C
- dark stools
54
sickle cell what type of disease
autosomal recessive
- both parents have to have it and it is 25% chance with each pregnancy
55
abnormal hemoglobin name
Hemoglobin S
56
in sickle is the cells normally shaped
yes but when low O2 they sickle
57
s/s of sickle cell depends on
crisis location
58
where is the pain common in for SC
joints
kidney
spleen
59
Hbg S replaces
normal hemoglobin
60
vasooclusive crisis
sickle cells can then block blood flow in the vessels of limbs and organs
61
what is the life span of SC cells
10-20 days
62
how do SC become anemic
bone marrow cannot keep up with the high turnover from the short half life
63
Hb SS sickle cell
most common
Crest shaped
homozygous condition (child has two sickle hemoglobin genes)
subject to crisis
45 years
64
Hb SC sickle cell
one Hb S and one Hb C
RBC are C shaped
anemia is milder
painful crisis occur in about 50% as often
65 years
65
how do we diagnosis sickle cell
newborns are screened in all 50 states
if the test is positive than HBG electrophoresis is then performed to verify
66
when do children start to show symptoms of sickle cell
4-6 mo due to the fetal hembolgin breaks down
67
what is the most common crisis for sickle cell
vaso occulsive
68
what is vaso occulsive crisis
stasis of blood with clumping of cells in the microcirculation, ischemia, and infarction
69
what is vaso occulsive precipitated by
dehydration
temp extremes (fever or environmental)
infection
localized hypoxemia
physical or emotional stress
70
vaso occulsive symptoms
fever
tissue engorgment
painful swelling of joints, hands, and feel
priapism
severe abdominal pain
71
complications of vaso occulsive
thrombosis and infarction
stroke
72
what is splenic sequestration
pooling of blood in spleen
73
splenic sequestration s/s
profound anemia (spleen helps produce RBC)
hypovolemia
shock
74
splenic sequestration treatment
removal of spleen
75
aplastic crisis triggered by
infection of parvovirus b19
or
depletion of folic acid
76
aplastic crisis defintion
diminished production and increased destruction of red blood cells
77
aplastic crisis s/s
profound anemia and pallor
78
acute chest syndrome
acute lower respiratory tract illness
79
acute chest syndrome s/s
pulmonary infiltrate/consilidation of defined edges on CXR
fever
chest pain
tachypnea
wheezing
difficulty breathing
low O2 saturation
80
children with sickle cell disease have laboratory evidence of abnormal spleen function as early as
4-6 mo
81
fever of 38.5 in children with sickle disease is treated as an
emergencyd
82
do we delay antibiotics for these patietns
no
83
sickle cell treatment
- what helps with cell turnover and everyone with sickle cell should be on it
folic acid
- helps with proteins synthesis which in turns helps to replicate DNA and RBC
84
sickle cell treatment
- what medication from when they are a newborn until 5 years
penicillin
- spleen doesn't work until age 5
85
sickle cell treatment
- what med increases fetal hemoglobin
hydroxyurea
- increase hbg f
- decreased hbg s
86
sickle cell treatment
- supportive care
pain
O2
cold
hot
87
how does a hematopoietic stem cell transplant work
replaces the HBG s
88
sickle cell treatment
IV hydration
pain management
- Tylenol
- NSAIDS
- opioids
89
PCA age
6 years
90
PCA reporting
self reporting pain scale
91
PCA risk
resp depression
tolerance
92
thalassemia beta 3 types
minor or trait: mild anemia
intermedia: moderate, may require transfusions
major Cooley: requires transfusion
93
cause of beta thalassemia
defective synthesis of hemoglobin, structurally impaired RBC's and shortened life span
94
alpha thalassemia
one gene defect: asymptomatic
two gene: mild anemia
major: transfusion dependent
- hydrops fetalis
95
alpha thalassemia cure
hematopoetic stem cell transplant
96
hemophilia A
VIII
97
hemophilia B
IX
98
hemophila disease
A and B X linked recessive disorders
- affected males, female carriers
99
what is the most common inherited bleeding disorder
von willebrand
100
von willebrand types are classified on presence and function of
von willebrand factor
101
von willebrand disease type
autosomal dominant
102
