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Nutrition Book Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

**know the recommended nutrition source for each age as discussed in class

A
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2
Q

**what trends do we observe for fluid and macronutrient requirements for children

A

extremely high in infants, slower in toddlers, slightly higher in preschool, high in school and adol

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3
Q

**what are early childhood caries? how do they occur? why do we care?

A

presence of one or more decayed, lost, or filled tooth surfaces in primary teeth
fluid pools, decrease of saliva, decrease acid buffering = tooth decay
avoid pitting child to bed with bottle

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4
Q

**breast milk storage guidelines (4/4/4)

A
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5
Q

** when should complementary foods be introduced? When shoud the bottle be weaned

A

introduce cup at 8-9 mo, 1 year most liquids from a cup
introduce complementary foods at 6 mo (infant sit with out support)

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6
Q

**what are some of the considerations for the introduction of solid foods in infancy

A

rice cereal first, veggies than fruit at 6-8 mo, meats 8-10 mo, avoid honey until 1 year old, introduce one thing at a time and wait 3-4 days

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7
Q

**what are the nutritional needs of the toddler?

A

decreased from infancy
3 meals and 2 snacks
16-24 oz of milk/day
4-6 oz of juice/day

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8
Q

** what is physiological anorexia

A

extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow to keep pace with the more moderate growth rate of toddlerhood

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9
Q

** what are the nutritional needs of teenagers

A

increase calories, more than 2000

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10
Q

**what is food insecurity? what is the major cause of childhood hunger? What risks stem from hunger?

A

inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways

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11
Q

**how is obesity defined? what about being overweight

A
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12
Q

**what is colic?

A
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13
Q

** what is celiac disease

A
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14
Q

**define pica, what are the clinical manifestations of pica

A
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15
Q

** what are some causes of failure to thrive? what are some nursing interventions to help

A
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16
Q

**know s/s of anorexia and bulimia. what are some nursing dx for each

A
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17
Q

** what are the nursing responsibilities for gastric tubes? TPN? central lines?

A

prevent infection and skin breakdown, ensure NG is placed correctly, check residuals, TPN is through veins

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18
Q

why do infants have high fluid requirements and what is that requirement

A

140-160mL/kg/day
decreased ability to concentrate urine and increase metabolic rate

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19
Q

who is more susceptible to dehydration

A

infants

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20
Q

infant calorie intake

A

100-115cal/kg/day

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21
Q

primary carb in breast milk and what does it do

A

lactose
enhance absorption of ca, mg, and zinc

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22
Q

glucosamines

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

oligosaccharides

A

lactobacillus bifidus
- helps fights bad bacterial

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24
Q

50% of infant cals come from

A

fatf

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25
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
26
fatty acids are the key to what development
brain development
27
protein is related to what
muscle
28
vitamin B and C is what soluble
water
29
weaning
infants stop breast feeding and obtain liquids from a cup gradual process
30
when to offer cup
8-9 mo
31
when should they be able to drink liquids from a cup
1 year
32
when can complementary foods be added
when infant can sit unsupported 6-12 mo this is in addition to breast milk
33
what is the first complementary food
rice cereal
34
how much complementary food should we give before feeding
1-2 tbsp
35
when they are eating 1/4 cup 2x daily, around 6-8 mo we can add
veggies and fruit
36
when can we add meat or protein
8-10 months
37
what should we avoid for choking
hot dogs, hard veggies, candy, chunks of PB
38
for the high risk allergy infants we should avoid
cow milk 1 year eggs 2 year PB and shellfish 3 year
39
no cows milk before
1 year - can lead to bleeding and anemia
40
no honey before
1 year -botulism
41
toddlers appear to eat little or a lot
little
42
toddler meal and snacks
3 meals, 2 snacks
43
when should we offer foods for toddlers
at mealtime
44
whole milk vs 2% milk
whole milk 1-2 year 2% greater than 2 years
45
toddler amount of milk
16-24 oz/day of milk
46
toddler amount of juice
4-6oz/day to decrease caries
47
preschool, mealtime is a
social event
48
preschool fast food
1 time per week
49
preschool growth rate
slow and steady
50
food jags preschool
eating only a few foods for several days or weeks and greater or lesser intake
51
preschool meals and snacks
3 meals and 2-3 snacks
52
5 a day rule for preschool
5 servings of fruit/veg each day
53
preschool juice amont
8-12ox
54
preschool what supplement if water doesn't have it
fluoride
55
school age growth
gradual
56
girl growth spurt age
10-11 years
57
boys growth spurt age
11-12
58
with growth spurts what happens to the nutritional needs
increase
59
when do we have permeant teeth eruption
6 years
60
how many secondary teeth
32
61
what age do we have 22-26 secondary teeth
12
62
molars develop in
teenage
63
adol cal intake
over 2000 maybe close to 3000 for boys
64
adol fast food
increase fat, cals, sodium decrease in nutrients, vit, fiber
65
food insecurity
indicates an inability to acquire or consume adequate quality or quantity of foods in socially acceptable ways
66
major cause of childhood hunger is
poverty
67
complications of childhood hunger
anemic increase rate of infectious disease due to decreased immune slowed developmental maturaiton delayed or stunted physical growth learning disorders overweight cardiovascular disesase diabetes
68
risk factor for childhood hunger
special nutritional needs - allergies, diabetes, immune disorder
69
why is there an increase in overweight and obesity
exercise less, calories are about the same - driving and unsafe neighborhoods - increase TV and video games
70
older than 2 year old how much screen time
2 hr max
71
how much of exercise
30-60 min
72
what might help with food intake
MyPlate
73
obesity/overweight complications
T2 diabetes stroke gallbladder disease arthritis CV disease sleep disturbances hypertension dyslipidemia resp problems certain cancer depression low self esteem
74
how much of the youth is overweight
1/3
75
celiac disease
immunologic disorder characterized by intolerance for gluten leading to the inability to digest glutenin and gliadin
76
BM of celiac disease
steatorrhea greasy, foul smelling, frothy and excessive stools
77
6mo to 2 years s/s celiac disease
chronic diarrhea, growth impairment. abdominal distention, poor appetite, decreased energy, muscle wasting, hypotonia
78
5-7 years old delayed onset s/s celiac disease
N/V, abdominal pain, bloating, tooth enamel defects, aphthous ulcer
79
celiac disease diagnostic
fecal fat content duodenal biopsy improvement with removal of gluten IgA
80
treatment of celiac disease
total exclusion of gluten
81
complications of celiac disease
growth retardation and GI cancers
82
colic s/s
paroxysmal abdominal pain severe crying lasting 3 hours and 3 time per week - crying peaks around 6 mo and resolves by 3-4 months distended abdomen episodes occur at same time
83
treatment of colic
supportive - simethicone drops formula changes
84
pica
ingestion of nonfood items or foods items consumed in abonrla quantities or forms - corn starch, pain, soil, paper, flour, coffee
85
pica might be a cover up to
deficincies
86
treatment of pica
removing access to the substance ensuring an adequate and nutritious treating any dietary deficiencies
87
pica risk factors
pregnancy children who fail to take in adequate nutrients
88
anorexia nervosa s/s
cessation of menses extreme wt loss distorted body image cold intolerance lanugo bradycardia abdominal discomfort preoccupation with weight and food
89
anorexia nervosa diagnostic
increase stress leukopenia electrolyte imbalance hypoglycemia H & H serum vitamins and vitamin precursor
90
treatment of anorexia
restore healthy weight address psych issues antidepressants possible TPN
91
weight gain of anorexia
2-3lb/wk inpatinet .5-1lb/wk outpatient
92
indications of hospitalization for anxoresia
loss of 25-35% of BW being 85% or less of healthy weight fluid, electrolyte, cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension
93
bulimia nervosa s/s
binge eating followed by purging overweight or thin erosion of tooth enamel increase dental carries gum recession calluses on back of the hand abdominal distention esophageal tears
94
bulimia after mealtime
monitor for 30 mins after mealtime
95
Nutrition
refers to taking in food and assimilating it metaboli- cally for use by the body.
96
macronutrients
the major building blocks of the body, are carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
97
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals or sub- stances needed in small quantities for healthy body function- ing.
98
dietary reference intakes (DRI)
are a set of values established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Academy of Science that can be used to assess and plan intake for individuals of different ages
99
nutritional needs evolve during
all of infancy and childhood
100
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
refers to the energy needed for thermoregulation, cardiorespiratory function, cellular activity, and growth
101
anthropometric measurement
used to refer to assessment of various parts of the body. Anthropometry of young children commonly includes weight, length, and head circumference.
102
what percentile do children normally fall in and what does it mean to fall outside
Children normally fall between the 10th and 90th percentiles. A measurement below the 10th percentile, especially for BMI, may indicate undernutrition, and one over the 90th percentile can indi- cate overnutrition.
103
what is normally used to assess the adequacy of the diet
24 hour diet recall
104
food borne illness transmission is normally associated with
food prep- aration and storage practices, lack of adequate training of retail employees about foods and hygiene, and increasing amounts and types of foods being imported from other countries.
105
complication of iron deficiency
anemia
106
complications of calcium deficients
osteoporosis
107
complication of Vit d deficiency
rickets
108
complications of folic acid defeicniey
spina bifida
109
complication of protein enegery malnutrition
kwashiorkor marasmus

Pediatrics (51 decks)

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