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BISC 120 > Lecture 17 - History of the Earth > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - History of the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

The history of the earth is recorded in its __________

A

strata

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2
Q

What is the principle of superposition?

A

“In a sequence of layered rocks, any layer is older than the layer next above it.”

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3
Q

Who is Nicholas Steno?

A

Principle of Superposition

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4
Q

What are 2 exceptions to superposition?

A
  • intrusions

- overturned rock

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5
Q

What are plate tectonics?

A

movements of the earth

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6
Q

Layers are originally deposited _________

A

horizontally

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7
Q

What alters the the orientation of the layers?

A

plate tectonics

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8
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

-processes that alter the Earth are uniform through time

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9
Q

Who was Charles Lyell?

A
  • believed in uniformitarianism

- earth was transformed not by unimaginable catastrophes by slow changes

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10
Q

What are 4 processes that result in the production of sediment particles?

A
  1. erosion
  2. volcanic eruption
  3. organisms
  4. mineral precipitation
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11
Q

What are 4 conditions that make it more likely that an organism will have fossil record?

A
  1. has hard parts
  2. is abundant and widespread
  3. exists for a long time
  4. lives in a habitat conducive deposition
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12
Q

How are rocks and fossils dated?

A

biostratigraphy

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13
Q

Sedimentary strata only reveals __________ ages

A

relative

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14
Q

how can absolute dating in igneous strata be determined?

A

radiometric dating

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15
Q

a “parent” isotope decays into a “daughter isotope at _________

A

a constant rate

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16
Q

What is a half-life?

A

time required for half the parent isotope to decay

17
Q

What is the believed age of the earth?

A

4.6 billion years ago

18
Q

What is most atmospheric origin?

A

biological origin

19
Q

What produced this biological origin?

A

photosynthesis in bacteria similar to modern cyanobacteria

20
Q

What did O2 reacted with?

A

dissolve iron

21
Q

What did the O2 and dissolved iron do?

A

precipitated out to form banded iron formations

22
Q

What did the O2 revolution cause?

A
  • enormous die-off of many organisms

- anaerobic organisms had to either hide or adapt

23
Q

What are 3 qualities of the earliest eukaryotes?

A
  • from about 2.1 BYA
  • probably spherical algal protists
  • probably formed by endosymbiosis
24
Q

What are 3 qualities of terrestrial plants?

A
  1. primitive vascular system
  2. waterproof coating
  3. mycorrhizal fungi
25
Q

What are 2 qualities of earliest terrestrial animals?

A
  1. possibly arthropods

2. included organisms similar to modern millipedes etc.

26
Q

What is the Principle of Superposition?

A

in a sequence of layered rocks, any layer is older than the layer next/above it

27
Q

What happened 3.8 BYA?

A

oldest rocks on earth’s surface

28
Q

What happened 3.7 BYA?

A

oldest fossils of cells appear (stromatolites)

29
Q

What are stromatolites composed of?

A
  • bacteria

- sediment biofilm

30
Q

What happened 2.7 BYA?

A

concentration of atmospheric oxygen

31
Q

What happened 2.1 BYA?

A

oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells apear

32
Q

How were the oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells formed? What were they?

A

endosymbiosis

spherical algal protists

33
Q

What is the Theory of Serial Endosymbiosis?

A
  • large host cell and ingest bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival
  • permanent relationship
34
Q

What happened 635 MYA?

A

Ediacaran

35
Q

What was the Ediacaran age?

A
  • diverse algae

- soft body invertebrate animals appear

36
Q

What happened 540 MYA?

A

Cambrian Explosion

37
Q

What was the Cambrian Explosion?

A
  • resulted in modern body plans
  • hardbody forms
  • movement from seafloor to new niches
38
Q

What was the reason for the explosion in diversity? Theories?

A
  • unknown

- theories: increase O2 availability, mineral availability, evolutionary innovation

39
Q

What happened 488 MYA?

A

marine algae abundant

-colonization of land by diverse fungi, plants, animals

BISC 120 (33 decks)

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