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BISC 120 > Lecture 36 - Marine Environments > Flashcards

Lecture 36 - Marine Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 categories of marine animals?

A
  1. plankton
  2. nekton
  3. benthos
  4. decomposers
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2
Q

What are plankton?

A

-weakly swimming, free-floating biota

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3
Q

What are 3 types of plankton?

A
  1. Phytoplankton (plant)
  2. Zooplankton (animal)
  3. Ultraplankton (photosynthetic bacteria)
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4
Q

Nekton EX

A

fish, turtles, whales

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5
Q

Benthos EX

A

bottom dwellers (barnacles, oysters)

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6
Q

What are decomposers?

A

-breakdown organic compounds (mostly bacteria)

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7
Q

Where is most action?

A

-Costal waters

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8
Q

2 characteristics of the Coastal Zone

A
  1. warm, nutrient-rich shallow water

2. extends from high-tide mark on land to gently sloping/shallow edge of continental shelf

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9
Q

What are Estuaries?

A

Where rivers enter the ocean

EX: river mouths, inlets, bays, sounds, salt marshes etc.

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10
Q

What are salt marshes

A
  • some of most productive habitats on earth

- serve as fish nurseries

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11
Q

What is SAV?

A
  • submerged aquatic vegetation

- Eelgrass

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12
Q

What is a Mangrove forest?

A
  • found along 70% of gently sloping sand/silty coastlines

- tropical/subtropical regions

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13
Q

What is a kelp forest

A
  • contains certain type of plant that forms forest

- houses resident fish + visitors

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14
Q

What is the effect of sea otters on kelp forests?

A
  • eat the urchins

- otherwise kelp will die

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15
Q

What is Coral bleaching

A

-corals lose their zooxanthellae when stressed

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16
Q

5 traits of coral reefs

A
  1. 1-9 millino species
  2. 1/2 ocean’s total biodiversity
  3. high level of producitivty
  4. 100 million people directly dependent on healthy coral reefs
  5. threatened due to ocean acidification
17
Q

What is the deep sea? (3)

A
  1. cold, dark immense pressure
  2. little to eat (not lifeless)
  3. largest habitat on planet
18
Q

5 realms of the deep sea from shallow-deep

A
  1. Mesopelagic
  2. Bathypelagic
  3. Bathyal
  4. Abyssal
  5. Hadal
19
Q

3 characteristics of animals in Mesopelagic Realm

A
  1. small size, huge eyes, large jaws/teeth
  2. bioluminescence + countershading
    - Daily (diel) vertical migrations
20
Q

6 characteristics of bioluminescence

A
  1. biologically produced light
  2. symbiotic bacteria
  3. predator avoidance
  4. species recognition
  5. prey attraction
  6. mate attraction
21
Q

What is countershading?

A

-lights on underside make fish less visible from below

22
Q

What are lantern fish?

A

-last unexploited stocks of fish (could change soon)

23
Q

What is the Deep Scattering Layer

A
  • worldwide phenomena after WWII

- detected by sonar

24
Q

5 key characteristics of the Bathypelagic Realm

A
  1. bigger individuals (lower biomass, abundance)
  2. high species diversity
  3. black + red in color
  4. no vertical migrations to surface
  5. small/large eyes, bioluminscence
25
Q

2 opportunists of the Bathypelagic Realm

A
  1. Gulper eel

2. Angler fish

26
Q

2 characteristics of deep-sea floor

A
  1. soft bottoms

2. hydrothermal vents + cold seeps

27
Q

What are Hydrothermal Vents/ Cold seeps

A
  • oases of life

- located at mid-oceanic ridges (underwater mountain ranges)

28
Q

What are the base of food webs in hydrothermal vents/cold seeps?

A

-symbiotic chemoautotrophs

29
Q

Who discovered deep sea hydrothermal vents?

A

Alvin and RV Atlantis in 1977

Bob Ballard “accidental” celebrity explorer

30
Q

What is Alvin’s Sipper?

A

extending want that collects water samples at hydrothermal vents

31
Q

What is black smoke?

A

-rich in minerals ion, salt, manganese, sulfer

32
Q

What is white smoke

A

more manganese (lower temp)

33
Q

What is chemosynthetic bacteria?

A

-in total darkness they use chem. energy to “fix” carbon + produce food

BISC 120 (33 decks)

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