Lecture 22 - Prokaryotes 2 (SI)

Question 1

What are the 4 proteobacteria subgroups of gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 1

1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma
4. delta
5. epsilon

Question 2

What is a result of horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes?

Answer 2

-obscures the root of the tree of life

Question 3

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 3

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Question 4

Which domains have a nuclear envelop?

Answer 4

-eukarya

Question 5

Which domains have membrane organelles

Answer 5

-eukarya

Question 6

Which domains have peptidoglycan in cell wall

Answer 6

-bacteria

Question 7

Which domains have unbranched hydrocarbons?

Answer 7

• bacteria

- eukarya

Question 8

Which domains have some branched hydrocarbons?

Answer 8

archaea

Question 9

Which domains have one kind of RNA polymerase?

Answer 9

-bacteria

Question 10

Which domains have several kinds of RNA polymerase?

Answer 10

• archaea

- eukarya

Question 11

What kind of initiator for amino acid for protein synthesis do each have?

Answer 11

bacteria: formylmethionine
archaea: methionine
eukarya: methionine

Question 12

What are 2 qualities of alpha?

Answer 12

1. many associate with eukaryotic hosts

- mitochondria evolved from aerobic alphaproteobacteria

Question 13

What are 2 examples of alpha?

Answer 13

1. Rhizobium (forms root nodules in legumes, fixes N2)

2. Agrobacterium (produce tumors, used in genetic engineering

Question 14

What is a quality of beta?

Answer 14

holds important role in nitrogen cycle

Question 15

What is an example of beta?

Answer 15

nitrosomonas (converts ammonium to nitrite)

Question 16

What are 5 examples of gamma?

Answer 16

1. T. namibiensis (giant sulfur bacterium)
2. Legionella
3. Salmonella
4. V cholerate
5. E. coli

Question 17

What are 2 examples of delta?

Answer 17

1. myxobacteria (create drought-resistant myxospores)

2. bdellovibrios (attack bacteria)

Question 18

What is a quality of epsilon?

Answer 18

contains a lot of pathogens

Question 19

What are 2 examples of epsilon?

Answer 19

1. Campylobacter (causes blood poisoning)

2. H. pylori (causes stomach ulcers)

Question 20

chlamydias

Answer 20

can survive only within animal cells

Question 21

What is an example of chlamydia?

Answer 21

chlamydia trachomatis (most common cause of blindness in world, most common STD)

Question 22

Spirochetes

Answer 22

• free-living/pathgenic heterotrophs sprial

- spiral through their environment by rotating, flagellum-like filaments

Question 23

What are 2 examples of spirochetes

Answer 23

1. syphilis

2. lyme disease

Question 24

Cyanobacteria

Answer 24

• photoautrophs are the only prokaryotes with plant-like O2 genertaing photosynthesis
• abundant in atmosphere through photosynthesis

Question 25

example of cyanobacteria

Answer 25

Oscillatoria (filamentous cyanobacterium)

Question 26

What are stromatolites

Answer 26

reef-forming cyanobacteria

Question 27

Actinomycetes

Answer 27

decompose soil (2 species cause tuberculosis + leprosy)

Question 28

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 28

cause of anthrax

Question 29

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 29

cause of botulism toxin

Question 30

Mycoplasms

Answer 30

smallest known cells

Question 31

Streptomyces

Answer 31

- cultured by pharmaceutical companies as source of antibiotics - streptomycin

Question 32

What are 2 types of extremophiles? (archaea)

Answer 32

1. halophiles | 2. thermophiles

Question 33

What are halophiles?

Answer 33

live in highly saline environment

Question 34

What are thermophiles?

Answer 34

live in very hot environment

Question 35

What do gram positive bacteria include?

Answer 35

1. actimonycetes 2. bacillus anthracis 3. clostridium botulinum 4. Staphylococcus/streptococcus 5. mycoplasms

Question 36

What are methanogens

Answer 36

- strict anaerobes poisoned by O2 - live in swamps/marshes - release methane as by product of their unique ways of obtaining energy

Question 37

What are chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes?

Answer 37

- function as decomposers | - break down dead organisms and waste products

Question 38

Commensalism

Answer 38

one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way

Question 39

Parasitism

Answer 39

organism harms but does not kill host

Question 40

Mutualistic

Answer 40

symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 41

Pathogenic

Answer 41

parasites that cause disease

Question 42

Exotoxins

Answer 42

secreted + cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them aren't present

Question 43

Endotoxins

Answer 43

released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

Question 44

What are 4 uses of prokaryotes in research + technology

Answer 44

1. gene cloning using E. coli 2. transgenic plants 3. natural plastics, vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, ethanol, bioremediation

Question 45

What is bioremediation?

Answer 45

use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment