Lecture 22 - Prokaryotes 2

Question 1

What is the most diverse domain?

Answer 1

bacteria

Question 2

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 2

1. bacteria

2. archaea

Question 3

Where did chloroplasts come from?

Answer 3

cyanobacteria

Question 4

What has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes?

Answer 4

The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 5

What obscures the root of the tree of life?

Answer 5

horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes

Question 6

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 6

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Question 7

Bacteria include the vast majority of _______ species

Answer 7

prokaryotic

Question 8

What are proteobacteria?

Answer 8

• gram-negative bacteria
• include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
• some anaerobic, others aerobic

Question 9

What are the 5 subgroups of proteobacteria?

Answer 9

1. alpha
2. beta
3. gamma
4. delta
5. epsilon

Question 10

Many species of alpha proteobacteria are closely associated with __________

Answer 10

eukaryotic hosts

Question 11

What are 2 examples of alpha proteobacteria?

Answer 11

1. Rhizobium

2. Agrobacterium

Question 12

What do scientists hypothesize about mitochondria?

Answer 12

evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis

Question 13

What is an example of a beta proteobacteria?

Answer 13

Nitrosomonas (soil bacterium)

Question 14

What is nitrification?

Answer 14

converting NH4+ to NO2-

Question 15

What is an example of a gamma proteobacteria?

Answer 15

1. sulfur bacteria Thiomargarita namibiensis

2. pathogens Legionella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, E. Coli

Question 16

What are examples of a delta proteobacteria?

Answer 16

1. myxobacteria

2. bdellovibrios

Question 17

What are examples of epsilon proteobacteria?

Answer 17

1. pathogens Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori

Question 18

What are Chlamydias

Answer 18

• parasits
• causes blindless
• sexual transmission

Question 19

What are Spirochetes?

Answer 19

• helical hetertrophs

- some are parasites (Treponema pallidum, causes syphilis)

Question 20

What are cyanobacteria?

Answer 20

• photoautogrophs that generate O2

- evolved into chloroplasts by endosymbiosis

Question 21

What is the chem. reaction for photosynthesis?

Answer 21

CO2 + H2O —> CH2O + O2

Question 22

When did stromatolites die out?

Answer 22

When eukaryotes evolved

Question 23

What are 5 examples of gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 23

1. Actinomycetes
2. Bacillus anthracis
3. Clostrdium botulinum
4. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
5. Mycoplasms

Question 24

What is the smallest organism?

Answer 24

fibroblast

Question 25

Some archaea are ________

Answer 25

extremophiles

Question 26

What are extremophiles?

Answer 26

archaea that can live in extreme enviornments

Question 27

Where do extreme halophiles live?

Answer 27

highly saline environments

Question 28

Where do extreme thermophiles live?

Answer 28

in very hot environments

Question 29

What are methanogens?

Answer 29

- make methane as waste product from CO2 | - keep earth heated or unheated

Question 30

What are 2 qualities of methanogens?

Answer 30

1. live in swamps and marches | 2. strict anaerobes

Question 31

Prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of _______

Answer 31

chemical elements between living and nonliving components of ecosystems

Question 32

What do decomposers do?

Answer 32

break down dead organisms and waste products

Question 33

Which prokaryotes function as decomposers?

Answer 33

chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes

Question 34

Prokaryotes can sometimes increase the availability of ____, _____, and _____ for plant growth

Answer 34

-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Question 35

What is symbiosis?

Answer 35

- an ecological relationship | - two species live in close contact (host, symbiont)

Question 36

What happens in mutualism?

Answer 36

both symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 37

What happens in commensalism?

Answer 37

- one organism benefits | - neither harming nor helping the other

Question 38

What happens in parasitism ?

Answer 38

organism (parasite) harms but does not kill its host

Question 39

What are pathogens?

Answer 39

parasites that cause disease

Question 40

How do pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease?

Answer 40

-releasing exotoxins or endotoxisn

Question 41

What are exotoxins?

Answer 41

- secreted | - cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them are not present

Question 42

What are endotoxins?

Answer 42

-released only when bacteria die, and cell walls break down

Question 43

What can horizontal gene transfer spread?

Answer 43

genes associated with virulence EX: E. Coli

Question 44

What kind of important advances have experiments using prokaryotes led to?

Answer 44

DNA technology EX: E. coli used in gene cloning EX: agrobacterium tumefaciens used to produce transgenic plants -plastics

Question 45

what is bioremediation?

Answer 45

use of organisms to remove pollutants form teh environment

Question 46

What are 3 things that bacteria can be engineered to produce?

Answer 46

1. vitamins 2. antibiotics 3. hormones