MOD 3 - COURSE 1 - PT 1 - fudamentals in anatomy and physiology

Question 1

what is anatomy definition

Answer 1

pertiains to the structure or parts of the body

Question 2

what is the definition of physiology

Answer 2

study of the function of the parts of the organism how they work

Question 3

definition of cells

Answer 3

organisational units of living matter

Question 4

function of nucleolus

Answer 4

small dense structure with nucleus made of protein and RNA - involved in profucing ribosomes

Question 5

function of nucleus

Answer 5

• directs activation of cells - contain genetic material surrounded by selctively permeable mebrane - nuclear membrane

Question 6

robsoome function

Answer 6

primary site of biological protein systenthesis - tranlation

Question 7

vesicles functions

Answer 7

tiny sacs - substances = transported

Question 8

rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 8

• complex system interconnected membranes - acts as transport system and are where ribosomes = located

Question 9

golgi apparatus functions

Answer 9

• flattened, membraneous sacs - near nucleus with functions of refining, packaging and delivery of proteins

Question 10

cytoskeleton 3 types

Answer 10

• microfilaments
• microtubules
• intermediate filaments

Question 11

what are microfilaments involved in?

Answer 11

• involved in cellular movement - as in muscle cells

Question 12

what are microtubules involved with

Answer 12

• larger than filaments - maintain cell shape

Question 13

what are intermediate filaments

Answer 13

important in keratinised cells

Question 14

what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

• complex system network of interconnected memebranes - connected to cell membrane - nuclear membrane and organelles - acts as transport system
• ALSO WHERE LIPID SYNTHESIS OCCURS

Question 15

mitochondria function

Answer 15

• numerous, doubled layered membrane organelles - where chemcial energy is transformed - useable fom
• like packets of energy - process of releasing/trasnforming th energy from food involved O2 -
  -CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 16

vacuole function

Answer 16

• enclosed compartments - filled with water - contains inorganic and organic molecules - including enzyme

Question 17

cytosol function

Answer 17

• liquid found inside cells - eukaryotic cell - cytosol within the cell memrbane - part of cytoplasm - also has organelles - cytosol - comples mix of substance dissolved in water

Question 18

lysosome function

Answer 18

• variable in size and shape - contains powerful digesting enzyme - breakdown and destroy foregin particles - microorganisms damaged or worn cells and cells parts

Question 19

centrosome function

Answer 19

• composed of 2 cylanders - centrioles - each composed of microtubules - always lie perpenidcuar to each other - cell reproduction

Question 20

cell membrane - function

Answer 20

• main function transport substance in and out of cell

Question 21

features of cell membrane

Answer 21

• thin
• outpouchings and infolding
• pourous
• selectively permeable - controls eneters and leave cells

Question 22

chemical characteristic of cell membrane

Answer 22

• impermeable to large molecueles and hydrophillic substances - i.e. glucos, NA ions, CA ions, - membrane = freely [ermeable to small hydrophobic substance - i.e. CO2/O2
• provides methods for selected substances to cross membrane

Question 23

what are the two types of diffion across membrane

Answer 23

passive and active diffusion

Question 24

what are the types of passive transport

Answer 24

• diffusion
• osmosis
• facilitated diffusion

Question 25

what is the differences between passice and active transport

Answer 25

- passive = requires no work/ energy expenditure - active = movement across plasma membrane - usually down concentration gradient - required expenditure of energy by cells

Question 26

what is diffusion

Answer 26

- spontaneous movement of molecules - solute - from area of high concentration to lower concentration

Question 27

what is osmosis

Answer 27

- form of diffusion - occurs in semi permeable memrbane - selectively prevents passage of solute molecules - permeable to solvent

Question 28

what is facilitaed diffusion

Answer 28

- one of the 2 general mechanisms - cell transport - large molecules i.e. sugar across plasma membrane - protein in membrane forms pore - allow assage of specific substance

Question 29

what are the types of active transport

Answer 29

- carrier mediated trasnport - sodium potassium pump - endocytosis

Question 30

what is carrier mediated trasnport

Answer 30

- substance - binds to protein - transported to other side of memrbane by protein - trquires expenditure of energy by cell

Question 31

what is sodium potassium pump transport

Answer 31

- responsible for cells contrianing higher concentrations of potassium ions an dlow concentrations of sodium ions

Question 32

what is endocytosis

Answer 32

- large moelcuels - i.e. entire cellls entering host cells

Question 33

how can endocytosis occur?

Answer 33

pinocytosis phagocytosis exocytosis

Question 34

what is pinocytosis

Answer 34

- part of plasma membrane binds with small extracellular proteins/ fluids and then sinks into cytoplasm where it becomes an unattached intracellular vescile

Question 35

what is phagocytosis

Answer 35

plasmame memrbane bind to large extracellular substances - i.e. bacteria - then the cells engulf the substanced froming and intracellular vesicle

Question 36

what is exocytosis

Answer 36

expulsion of substance from cell