MOD 3 - COURSE 1 - PT 4 - Circulatory organ system Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
basic function of circulatory organ system
A
- permit blood, lymph circulation
- transports of nutrients, gasses, hormones - to adn from blood cells
- nourish cells
- fight disease
- stablise body temp
- ph maintenance
- supports homeostasis
2
Q
describe the basic circulatory system
A
- heart
blood
blood vessels
circulation
3
Q
what is the heart?
A
- msucle organ - pumps blood - circulatory system, rhythmic contractions and dilations - composed of cardiac msucle adn connective tissue
4
Q
components of the heart (mammal and bird)
A
- 4 chambers
- lies in thoracic cavity
- inside of pericardium
(connective tissue)
5
Q
what are the layers of tissue that comprises the wall of the heart
A
- epicardium - cover outer furface
- myocardiums - middle mscule layer
- endocardium - inner layer - covers the chambers
6
Q
what are the 4 chambers
A
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricles
7
Q
describe the passage of blood trhough the heart
A
- left atrium takes O2 rich blood from lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
- the left ventricle then pumps O2 rich blood through the aorta which send it out into the body
- the right atrium then recieves the O2 depleted blood from the vein and pumps it to the right evntricle
- the right ventricle then pumps - O2 depleted blood to th elungs where it picks up O2 again
8
Q
what valve seperate the right atriuma dn right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
9
Q
what valve seperates the left atrium and ventricle
A
mitral valve
10
Q
what is blood plasma
A
- mostly water (92%)
- contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, clotting factors, CO2
- Albumin = main protein plasma - function - reglate osmotic pressur eof blood
11
Q
what is serum
A
plasma which clotting proteins removed (mainly albumin and immunoglobins left in )
12
Q
what are the 3 catogaries of cells in th eblood stream
A
- WBC - leukocytes
- RBC - erythrocytes
-Platelets - thrombocytes
13
Q
what is haematopoiesis
A
- blood cells formation in the bone marrow (medulla of bone)
14
Q
what is the origin cell for formation of blodd cells
A
hematopoietic stem cells - hemocytoblasts
15
Q
function of HSC - hematopoietic stem cell
A
- self renewing
- produces common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
16
Q
what cells do common myeloid progenitor form
A
- megakaryocyte
- eryhtrocytes
- mast cells
- myeloblast - (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage)
17
Q
what cells do common lymphoid progenitor form
A
- NK cell
- small lymphocyte - (T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, plasma cell)
18
Q
whats a thrombocyte and whats it function
A
- blood clotting
- spindle shape in birds
- cytoplasmic fragemnts in mammels (platelets)
19
Q
what is an erythrocyte and what is its function
A
- reticulocytes - immature
- abundance
- contains heamoglobin
- no nucleus in mammal
- bird, reptile and amphibian = large nuclei
20
Q
what is a granulocyte - (myeloid leukocyte)
A
- granulocyte - contains granules
- has a multi lobed nucleus
21
Q
what is a basophil, esoinphil, neutrophil
A
- basophils - only found in inflam reactions
- eosin - not abundant - increase in parasite and allergies
- neutrophils - engluf and destroy
22
Q
whats a monocyte (myeloid leukocyte)
A
-phagocytosis - presents piece of pathogen to T lymphocytes
- antibdy response to be mounted
- leave blood stream -differentiate to macrophage
23
Q
whats a lymphocyte
A
- more common in lymphatic ststem - deeply staining nuceus - may be eccentric in location nad releativvely small amount of cytoplasm
- inlcudes, B-cells, T-cells, NK cells
24
Q
B cells - functions
A
- make antibodies (bind, block and active complement system)
25
what is an immunoglobin
antibody
26
what is a NK cell and what is its function
- natural killer cells - provide rapid response to viral infection - and tumour formation cells
effectors of innate immunity - do not require activation
27
what are T cells
- central role in cell-mediated immunity - mature int eh thymus
- disntinguish from B cell due to presence of T cell recprote on cell surface
28
what are the subsets of T cells
- Helper T-cells
- Cytotoxic
- memory
- regulatory
29
what is the function of helper T cells (CD4+ T-cell)
assist WBC in immunologic process i.e. maturation of B-cells & activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophaes
- activated by presence of antigens - divide rapidly and secrete small proteins(cytokines)regulate or assist active immune response
30
function of cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)
- destroy viral infected cell and tumour cells - implicated in transplant rejection
- innactived by reg T cells - prevent autoimmunity
31
function of memory T cells
- subset of T cells - persist long time - after infection = resolved
- quickly expand when re-exposure to their cognate antigen - provides immune system with memory of past infection
32
what is the function of regulatory T cells
- maintenance of immunological tolerance
- immune tolerance - immune system discriminates self from non-self - prevent overeractivity
33
what are the different classes of immunoglobins
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
34
Where is IgA found and whats it function
- mucosal areas = gut, resp tract, urogenital tract, saliva, tears, breast milk
- prevents colonisation by pethogen
35
Where is IgD found and whats it function
- Fucntion - antigen receptor - B-cells
- ativates basophils and mast cells - produce antimicrobial factors
36
Where is IgE found and whats it function
- binds - allergen - trigger histamine relase from mast cells and basophils
- protects from parasitic worm
37
Where is IgG found and whats it function
- 4 forms - provide majority of antibased immunity - capable of crossing placenta- give passive immunity to fetu
38
Where is IgM found and whats it function
- expressed surface of B cells - eliminates [athogen in early stages B cell immunity - before IgG rises
39
what are arteries
- vessel - carry blood away from heart
40
what are capillaries
- vessels- enable exhancge of water and chemicals between blood and tissue
41
what are veins ?
- carry blood from capilarries back toward heart
42
What is the main anatomy - 3 layers of blood vessels
- intima - thin layer - endothelial cells - direct contact with blood
- media - thickest layer in arteries - rich is vascular smooth msucles
- adventiatia - thickest in veins - made of connective tissue
43
whats a systemic artery
- arteries that carry O2 blood away from ehart towards body
44
whats a pulmonary artery
- carry De-ox blood away from heart to lungs
45
what is the largest systemic artery
aorta
46
what are the 3 main anatomical components of the aorta
- ascending aorta and aortic arch
- thoracic aorta
- adbominal aorta
47
what 3 vessels originate from ascending aorta
coranary arteries
carotid arteries
subclavian artieries
48
what vessel supply the heart
- coronary artery
49
what vessel supplied head and neck
- carotid arteries
50
whay vessel supply blood to left and right arm
subclavian arteries
51
whats the purpose of the thoracic and abdo aorta brnaches
- supply cehst - excluding heart an drespiratory zone of the lungs - and the branches from the abdominal aorta supply tot eh organs in abdo cavity
52
what is pulmonary circulation
- De-O2 blood carried by veins enters into right heart - blood flows through right atrium into right ventricle - right ventricle contracts to force blood into lungs through pulmonary arteries
- the O2 blood returned from lungs to heart veia pulmonary veins
53
whats the largest vein
vena cava - next to aorta - empties nect to right atrium of heart
54
whats the first path effect of portal venous sytem
- mamel 0 portal venous system - occurs when capilary bed pools into another capillary bed throguh veins - without first going to heart
55
whats an example of first path effect
heaptic portal system - portal venous system - directing blood from GI tract to liver
-
56
how does the hepatic portal system effect drug metabolism from GI absorption
- drugs = absorbed through GI tract = substantially metabolised by liver - before reaching general circulation - known as first pass effect - consequence - certaind drugs - only taken by certai route - avoid interaction in liver before reach target organ
57
what area of the heart has the highest pressure
left ventricle
58
what is diastole
- when the blood flows in the ventricle is at rest
59
what is sytole
- metrial valve closes - as ventricle begind to contract
60
what is blood pressure measurements
taken from peripheral circulation - records of diastolic and systolic pressure
61
how does blood flow from left ventricle to aorta
- when the left ventricle contracts - increased pressure compared to aorta - aorta valve openns - allow blood to eneter aorta
- aortic valve closes - prevents blackflow (blood then flows through vessels to rest of body)
62
describe blood floow from tissu back to heart
- blood flows through tissue cappillary bed to venules to small veins and into vena cava
- from vena cava blood flows throguh right atrium through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
63
what is the only artery to carry unoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
64
where does the blood flow after right ventricle
- to the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary capilaries that line alveoli in lung - where it become O2
- this blood passess into pulomary venules and on the pulomary veins - where it flow back to teh left atrium - and it begins recirculating through body
