MOD 3 - COURSE 1 - PT 6 Flashcards
what is cellular respiration
- metabolic process - organisms obtain energy by reacting O2 with glucose to give water, CO2 and ATP
what is phyiologic respiration
- transport of O2 from air to cells within tissue and CO2 from tissue to air
- concerns bulk flow and transport of meabolites between organusm and external enviornment
What is breathing?
- in lungs - called ventilation - includes inhalationa nd echalation
what is the respiratory system in : fish, amphibians, vertebrates and birds
fish & amphibians - gills
vertebrates - lungs
birds - lungs and sacs through body
vertebrates respiration structure
- upper respiratory tract:
- nasal cavity
- pahrynx
- larynx
- trachea
- Lower resp tract:
- lungs
- alveoli
amphibian respiration structure?
- lung and skin = resp organs
- skin = highly vascularised and moist - secreteion of mucus
- lung = 1’ importance
- skin - aid rapid gas exchnage when amphibians = in O2 rich water
fish respiratory structure
- repiration - through gills
- large SA - increase O2 enter through Gills - more gas = in contact with membrane - good blood supply maintains concentration gradient needed
purpose of nasal cavity - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- extends nostrils to pharynx
- in cavity air = filtered, moistened and warmed
- high like mucous covered projections - move impurities from air out
purpose of pharynx - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- throat - subdivided into four areas - anterior to posterior
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- glottis
- laryngopharynx
- air and food passage down - during swallowing - glottis - covered by flap of tissue called epiglottis - flap prevents food from entering trachea
purpose of larynx - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- tube - shaped joins pharynx with trachea
- composed of cartilage
- maintains open airways during repiration and closes of airways when food or fluid = swallowed
- contain vocal cord
purpose of trachea - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- flexible tubular organs - lined with respiratory mucosa - composed of C-shaped rings of cartilage
- ends when it bifurcates into 2 bronchi wihtin thoracic cavity - trachea represents longest extrapulmonary conducting portion of resp tract
purpose of lung - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- lower respiratory tract or zone = part of resp system - within lung where gas exchange occurs
- lung = branching tubes - begining at trachea - ending with terminal bronchioles - merge with alveolar ducts
- one bronchus 0 leads to each lung 0 many small branches = bronchioles radiates out from each bronchus
- bronchiols further subdivide into smaller and smaller tubes - eventually reaching alveoli
purpose of alveoli - respiratory tract - vertebrates
- microscopic air soacs - single layer of epithelial cells enveloped in network of fineley divided blood capillaries
- interfeace between alveolar cells and cells of capillary walls, O2 = absorbed ito blood and CO2 expelled
what different diet eaters are there - subdivided
herbivores
omnivores (plant and meat)
carnivores
what makes up the upper GI tract
- oral cavity
- oesophagus
- stomach
function of oral cavity
- break food - small pieces - saliva - moistens and chemical digestion
function of oesophagus
- pharynx to stomach - wave contractions - peristalsis
function of stomach
carnivore= 1 stomach
herbivore - 4 compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum (secrete digestive enzyme))
what organs are classsed as adjacent organs - for the digestive system
- liver
- pancreas
function of liver
- bile - break up fat , certain fishes, birds, rats, horse - no gall bladder - store bile
function of pancreas
- secrete various digestive enzyme - into small intestine - exocrine
- hormon insulin and glucangon - into blood - endocrine
what makes up lower GI tract
small intestine:
- duodenum
- jejunum
- illeum
large intestine:
- cecum
- colon
- rectumm
anus
function of duodenum?
digestive juices - pancreas - hormone an dbile mix
function of jejunum
- MIDESCTION of bowel - dudodenim with ileum - wall has villi - increase SA - products of digection = absorbed
