obedience

Question 1

Miligram aim MILGRAM OG

Answer 1

find out whether ordinary americans would obey unjust orders from personalism of authority to inflict pain on another person

Question 2

Miligram participants MILGRAM OG

Answer 2

-male volunteers
-local newspaper
-‘punishment and learning’ study

Question 3

Method- greeted MILGRAM OG

Answer 3

-greeted by experimenter and introduced to another confederate they thought was a participant
-experimented explained one participant was to be teacher and other learner
-real participant was always teacher
-role to teach learner word pairs and test recall

Question 4

Method role MILGRAM OG

Answer 4

-participnt told their role was to teach learner word pairs and test recall
-administer shocks every time learner mistake and increase voltage
-shown electric chair
-sample shock to convince real

Question 5

Method shocks MILGRAM OG

Answer 5

-as shocks higher learners screams became more dramatic
-180 volts complained weak heart
-300 volts demanded leave
-315 refused answer and stayed silent
-experiment continued u til refusal or 450 volts reached

Question 6

What happened if participant objected? MILGRAM OG

Answer 6

told
-please continue
-you must go on

Question 7

Results MILGRAM OG

Answer 7

-100% of participants went to at least 300 volts
-65% administered full 450 volts
-signs of extreme tension

Question 8

Conclusion MILGRAM OF

Answer 8

-under certain circumstances most people will obey orders even if involve inflicting pain

Question 9

Limitation ethical MILGRAM OG

Answer 9

-ethical issues
-deceived
-lack informed consent
-no protection from harm
-could outweigh findings

Question 10

Strength research support MILGRAM OG

Answer 10

-findings recreated in french h documentary made about reality tv
-participants in game show paid to give (fake) electric shocks to actors in front of audience
-80% delivered maximum shock to apparently unconscious man
-support findings about obedience to authority

Question 11

Limitation low internal validity MILGRAM OG

Answer 11

-may not have been testing ehat he intended to test
-Gina Perry examined tapes and reported only half beloved shocks real
-may be responding demand characteristics

Question 12

situational variables affecting obedience

Answer 12

uniform
location
proximity
authority

Question 13

uniform

Answer 13

-research suggests we are more likely to obey person in uniform in comparison to someone with no uniform

Question 14

location

Answer 14

legitimacy of location
have to believe genuine setting

Question 15

proximity

Answer 15

closer we are to consequences of our actions the less likely we are to obey as we can see impact

Question 16

milgram variation uniform

Answer 16

higher levels obedience when experimented wearing white lab coat than when replaced by civilian

Question 17

milgram variation location

Answer 17

random rundown building in connecticut less than 50% administered full 450 volts

Question 18

milgram variation proximity

Answer 18

teacher and learner in same room 40% administered full 450 volts

Question 19

Bickman (1974)

Answer 19

-investigate power of uniform
-makes actors dressed as milkman, security guard, ordinary clothes
-each asked members of public to follow instructions; pick up bag, give someone money for parking metre, stand on other side bus stop sign
-obedience highest in response to actor in guard uniform

Question 20

What is Bickman a strength of

Answer 20

-research support for influence of situational factors

Question 21

situation attribution

Answer 21

-assigning cause of behaviour to some situation outside persons control
-external factors

Question 22

dispositional

Answer 22

-assigns cause of behaviour to some internal chafracteristic such as personality

Question 23

psychological factors affecting obedience

Answer 23

-agentic state
-autonomous state

Question 24

agentic state

Answer 24

-when individual carries out orders of authority figure and acts as agent
-little personal responsiblity

Question 25

autonomous state

Answer 25

-opposite of agentic -person in this state is free to behave according to own principkes and feels sense of responsiblity

Question 26

what is a shift from autonomy to agency called

Answer 26

agentic shift

Question 27

why did milgram suggest agentic shifts happen

Answer 27

-when person perceives someone else as authority figure -greater power, higher position in social hierarchy

Question 28

Milgram variation which demonstartes agentic state

Answer 28

-confederate administered shocks o n behalf of teacher -percentage of pariticipants to administer full 450 volts went up from 65% to over 90% -felt less responsible

Question 29

binding factors

Answer 29

-pariticpants remained in agentic state despite wanting t ostop because of binding factors -aspects of situation that allow person to ignore or minimise damaging effect of behaviour -might shift responsibility to victim or deny damage

Question 30

Evidence for agency theory HOFLING

Answer 30

-unfamiliar doctor ordered nurses to asminister unfamiliar drug to patient -95% obeyed orders -agentic state and authroity figure -assigned responsiblity to doctor

Question 31

Evidence against agency theory RANK & JACOBSEN

Answer 31

-challange hofling findings -repeated hofling using valium a familiar drug at 3 times reccomeded dose -when 'doctor' phoned had familiar name and nurses able t odiscuss -only 2 out of 16 followed out orders -shows that increased realism and discussion lower obedience

Question 32

destructive authority

Answer 32

-problems arise when legitimate authroity becomes destructive -history often shows powerful leader ssuch as Hitler can use legitimate power for destructive purposes

Question 32

Strength legitimacy of authority

Answer 32

-real life application -My Lai massacre -american soldiers brutally slaughtered, raped and mutilated civilians during vietnam war -on trial soldiers said they were 'just obeying orders' -no longer autonomous but agents of army -destructive authority

Question 32

Strength legitimacy of authority hof

Answer 32

-hotfling nurses obey doctor with authority

Question 32

limitation legitimacy authority counter for hofling

Answer 32

-rank and jacobson -nurses prepared to disobey authority in more realistic situation -suggests legitimacy authroirity not a reason for obedience