IZD1901 > POST Review > Flashcards

POST Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 pillars of character?

A
  • Trustworthiness
  • Respect
  • Responsibility
  • Justice & Fairness
  • Caring
  • Civic Virtues & Citizenship

These pillars represent essential ethical values.

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2
Q

Define principles.

A

Universally held values that never change

Principles serve as foundational beliefs guiding behavior.

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3
Q

What are values?

A

Beliefs that a person holds true

Values influence decisions and actions.

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4
Q

Define morals.

A

A code of values which guides our choices and actions, and determines the purpose and course of our lives. Standards that define right and wrong.

Morals shape individual character and ethical behavior.

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of intemperance?

A
  • Anger
  • Lust
  • Greed
  • Peer Pressure

These components can lead to poor decision-making.

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6
Q

List the 7 burdens of proof.

A
  • No evidence
  • Scintilla
  • Reasonable suspicion
  • Probable cause
  • Preponderance
  • Clear & convincing
  • Beyond a reasonable doubt

These burdens are used in legal contexts to determine the level of proof required.

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7
Q

Define scintilla.

A

A trace; even the smallest amount

Often used in legal contexts to refer to minimal evidence.

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8
Q

What is reasonable suspicion?

A

Based on articulable facts or reason; more than a mere hunch, speculation, or guess

This standard is used by law enforcement to justify stops and searches.

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9
Q

Define probable cause.

A

The possession of information that would lead one to believe that a person they have placed under arrest is guilty of a crime

This is a higher standard than reasonable suspicion.

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10
Q

List the 8 factors indicating someone is armed and dangerous.

A
  • Bulges in clothing that resemble a weapon
  • Encounter happens late at night
  • Encounter happens in a high crime area
  • Individual makes threatening movements
  • Individual appears nervous or agitated
  • Individual appears to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol
  • Individual is uncooperative or attempts to flee
  • Individual has a reputation of being dangerous

These factors help officers assess potential threats.

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11
Q

What are the 2 ways an officer can restrain liberty?

A
  • By a show of authority that results in actual submission
  • By application of physical force

These methods are used to ensure compliance during encounters.

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12
Q

What are the circumstances for limited frisk?

A
  • Reasonable, articulable suspicion that the suspect has been/is/is about to be engaged in criminal activity
  • Officer reasonably believes the suspect is armed and dangerous
  • Officer has immediate concern for the safety of himself or others

These conditions justify a limited search for weapons.

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13
Q

What are the responsibilities of the district court?

A
  • Hear felony cases after the preliminary hearing
  • Handle appeals from the magistrate courts
  • Occasionally approve search warrants
  • Hear civil disputes above $10,000

The district court plays a key role in the judicial system.

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14
Q

What are the responsibilities of the court of appeals?

A
  • Consists of 1 chief judge and 3 associate judges
  • Decisions are based on a 3-judge panel
  • Hears appeals from district courts assigned by the supreme court

This court reviews decisions made by lower courts.

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15
Q

List the 4 factors for the 4th amendment to apply.

A
  • There is a reasonable expectation of privacy
  • There was a search
  • There was a seizure
  • The acts are done by a government authority

These factors determine the applicability of the 4th amendment.

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of courts in Idaho?

A
  • Magistrate
  • District
  • Court of Appeals
  • Supreme Court

Each court serves different functions within the judicial system.

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17
Q

What is the punishment for a felony?

A

Imprisonment in the state prison, not exceeding 5 years, and/or fine not exceeding $50,000

Felonies are serious crimes with significant penalties.

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18
Q

What is the punishment for a misdemeanor?

A

Imprisonment in county jail, not exceeding 6 months, and/or fine not exceeding $1,000

Misdemeanors are less severe than felonies.

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19
Q

List the 3 key elements of conspiracy.

A
  • 2 or more people are involved
  • All persons involved agree to commit the crime
  • An overt act is completed by one person

These elements define the crime of conspiracy.

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20
Q

What is the punishment for conspiracy?

A

The same as the crime that is being conspired

Conspiracy carries the same penalties as the actual crime.

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21
Q

What is the punishment for solicitation?

A

The same as attempt (generally, half the sentence for the completed crime)

Solicitation involves encouraging someone to commit a crime.

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22
Q

List the 3 types of officer-citizen encounters.

A
  • Voluntary/consensual (none, 4th amendment does not apply)
  • Temporary detention (reasonable suspicion)
  • Arrest (probable cause)

These encounters vary in legal implications.

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23
Q

What are the 3 most common burdens of proof?

A
  • Probable cause
  • Reasonable suspicion
  • Preponderance

These burdens are used in different legal contexts.

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24
Q

What are the 5 elements of a crime?

A
  • Identity
  • Date
  • Location
  • Act (commission or omission)
  • Intent

These elements must be established for a crime to be proven.

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25
List the **3 inchoate crimes**.
* Attempt * Conspiracy * Solicitation ## Footnote Inchoate crimes involve actions taken toward committing a crime.
26
What are examples of **natural water hazards**?
* Slippery rocks * Irregular bottoms * Trees/vegetation * Floating debris * Currents * Cold water ## Footnote These hazards can pose risks to swimmers.
27
How close to shore do most injuries happen?
Within 10 feet ## Footnote This proximity highlights the importance of safety awareness.
28
What are the **4 steps of water rescue**?
* Preach * Reach * Throw * Go and tow ## Footnote These steps outline a systematic approach to rescuing individuals in water.
29
What are the **3 questions in all water rescues**?
* Is this a rescue or a recovery? * What is the overall risk? * What are my realistic abilities? ## Footnote These questions help assess the situation before acting.
30
What are the **priorities of life in water rescue**?
* Officers * Innocents * Victims * Property ## Footnote These priorities guide decision-making during rescues.
31
What are examples of **manmade water hazards**?
* Dams * Canals * Submerged objects * Bridges and roadways ## Footnote Manmade hazards can create dangerous conditions for swimmers.
32
What is the **Bloods gang** known for?
* Primarily black membership * Color is red * Rivals with Crips and other Bloods gangs ## Footnote The Bloods are a well-known street gang in the U.S.
33
What is the **primary source of income for gangs**?
Narcotics ## Footnote Drug trafficking is a major revenue source for many gangs.
34
What are examples of **non-criminal calls for service**?
* VIN inspections * Civil standbys * Found property ## Footnote These calls do not involve criminal activity.
35
What is the **purpose of a report**?
* To record conditions upon arrival * To protect integrity of evidence * To make proper notifications to investigative personnel * To collect helpful information * To record eyewitness statements ## Footnote Reports are essential for documentation in law enforcement.
36
What is the **Nortenos gang** known for?
* Allegiance to Northern California and Nuestra Familia * Color is red * Number is 14 * Symbol is Huelga bird ## Footnote The Nortenos are a prominent gang in the U.S.
37
What is the **leadership structure in an outlaw motorcycle gang (OMG)**?
* Officer * Member * Prospect ## Footnote This hierarchy defines roles within the gang.
38
What are the **3 Rs of gang ideology**?
* Respect * Retaliation * Representation ## Footnote These principles guide gang culture and behavior.
39
What is the **Crips gang** known for?
* Primarily black membership * Color is blue * Rivals with Bloods and other Crip gangs ## Footnote The Crips are one of the largest street gangs in the U.S.
40
What are the **2 types of security threat groups**?
* Criminal gangs (cars) * Extremist groups ## Footnote These groups pose various threats to public safety.
41
What is the **Surenos gang** known for?
* Allegiance to Southern California and the Mexican Mafia * The largest gang in Idaho * Color is blue * Number is 13 ## Footnote The Surenos have a significant presence in the region.
42
Define **security threat group (STG)**.
A group of 3 or more inmates who have been determined to pose a potential threat to the safety, security, and operation of a jail or prison ## Footnote STGs are monitored closely by correctional facilities.
43
What are the **3 types of gangs**?
* Street gang * Prison gang/security threat group * Outlaw motorcycle gang ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics and activities.
44
What are common **gang member identifiers**?
* Clothing * Tattoos * Admission to membership * Hand signs ## Footnote These identifiers help law enforcement recognize gang affiliation.
45
What are the **characteristics that define a gang**?
* An ongoing organization, association, or group * Consists of 3 or more persons * Has a common name and/or common identifying sign/symbol * Members engage in a pattern of criminal gang activity ## Footnote These characteristics distinguish gangs from other groups.
46
What are the **characteristics that define a gang member**?
* Engages in criminal activity AND has two or more of the following: - Admits to membership - Identified as a gang member - Frequents gang areas - Adopts style of dress - Uses hand signs - Has tattoos associated with a gang - Associates with known gang members - Identified by physical evidence - Stopped with known gang members 4 or more times ## Footnote These criteria help law enforcement classify individuals as gang members.
47
What is the purpose of **Evidence Packaging**?
To prevent cross-contamination, and to prevent loss or unintentional obliteration ## Footnote Proper packaging is crucial for maintaining the integrity of evidence.
48
What are examples of **External Packaging**?
* Paper envelope * Paper sack * Cardboard box * Heat seal plastic * Metal can ## Footnote These materials are used to securely package evidence.
49
What are examples of **Internal Packaging**?
* Heat seal/zipper top baggie * Screw top vial * Syringe tubes * Small envelopes/bundles * Signal-blocking pouches ## Footnote Internal packaging protects evidence from contamination.
50
What are the **Types of Photos at Crime Scene**?
* General/overall * Midrange/relationship/orientation * Close-up/identification ## Footnote Different types of photos serve various documentation purposes.
51
What are the **Basic Components of a Sketch**?
* Heading * Diagram area * Legend * Title block * Scale and direction notations ## Footnote Sketches are important for visual representation of crime scenes.
52
What are the **Actions to Collect Evidence**?
* Video/initial scene evaluation * As-is photos (before placing evidence markers) * Scene search (placement of evidence markers) * Photos (after placement of evidence markers) * Scene documentation (sketches, notes, measurements) * Scene processing/evidence collection * Final scene walkthrough * Exit photos/video ## Footnote These actions ensure thorough evidence collection.
53
What are the **First Responder Duties**?
* Preserve * Protect * Recognize * Document * Collect ## Footnote First responders play a critical role in initial scene management.
54
Define **Crime Scene Investigation**.
An examination and evaluation of the scene for the purposes of recovering physical evidence and documenting the scene's condition as it was found ## Footnote This process is vital for legal proceedings.
55
What are the **Basic Steps for Investigators**?
* Assessing * Observing * Documenting * Searching * Collecting * Analyzing ## Footnote These steps guide the investigative process.
56
What is involved in **Preserving Crime Scene**?
* Secure the scene * Protect the scene * Establish a crime scene entry log ## Footnote Preservation is essential for maintaining evidence integrity.
57
What is a **Basic Aspect of Crime Scene Processing**?
Observing ## Footnote Observations are crucial for understanding the scene.
58
What are **Forensic Photos** used for?
A scale ## Footnote Forensic photos provide context and size references in evidence documentation.
59
What are the **Types of Crime Scene Sketches**?
* Cross-projection or exploded * Elevation * 3D ## Footnote Different sketch types serve various investigative needs.
60
What are the **Methods for Measuring Crime Scene**?
* Rectangular coordinates * Triangulation * Baseline coordinates ## Footnote Accurate measurements are vital for crime scene analysis.
61
What are the **Crime Scene Search Patterns**?
* Circle/spiral * Strip/line * Grid * Zone ## Footnote These patterns help ensure thorough searches.
62
What are the **Early Postmortem Indicators**?
* Livor mortis/lividity (settling of the blood) * Rigor mortis (stiffening of muscles) * Algor mortis (cooling of the body) ## Footnote These indicators help determine time of death.
63
What are the **Transport to Hospital Reasons**?
* A person is highly intoxicated * A person is experiencing a mental health crisis * There is a medical emergency ## Footnote These reasons necessitate immediate medical attention.
64
What are the **Officer's Goals in Civil Dispute**?
* Safeguard persons and property * Prevent criminal activity * Maintain peace ## Footnote Officers aim to resolve disputes without escalating tensions.
65
What are the **Graham Factors**?
* Severity of the crime * Active resistance or flight * Immediate threat to safety of officers or others ## Footnote These factors guide the use of force in law enforcement.
66
What are the **Tests for Seizure Occurrence**?
* The Brower test * The reasonable person test ## Footnote These tests help determine if a seizure has legally occurred.
67
What is **Graham v. Connor** known for?
The objective reasonableness test: 'The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.' ## Footnote This case established important legal standards for use of force.
68
Define the **Brower Test**.
When an officer uses physical force to seize a suspect (i.e. shooting, baton, OC spray). A seizure occurs when 'governmental termination of movement through means intentionally applied.' ## Footnote This test assesses the legality of force used.
69
What is the **Reasonable Person Test**?
Would a reasonable person feel free to leave? ## Footnote This test evaluates the perception of freedom during encounters.
70
What are the **4th Amendment Clauses**?
* Reasonableness clause * Warrant requirements clause ## Footnote These clauses protect against unreasonable searches and seizures.
71
What is the **Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases**?
Beyond a reasonable doubt ## Footnote This is the highest standard of proof in the legal system.
72
What is the **Burden of Proof in Civil Cases**?
Preponderance ## Footnote This standard requires that something is more likely true than not.
73
What are **Common Tactics in Law Enforcement**?
Contact and cover ## Footnote These tactics enhance officer safety during encounters.
74
What is the difference between **Contact Officer vs Cover Officer**?
* Contact officer: 80% focus on the contact, 20% on everything else * Cover officer: 80% focus on everything else, 20% on the business of the contact ## Footnote This division of focus helps manage encounters effectively.
75
What is the **Most Important Element to Survive Wounded**?
Will to survive ## Footnote A strong will can significantly impact survival outcomes.
76
Define **Statesman**.
Having the ability to influence others with just words; a good communicator ## Footnote Effective communication is key in leadership.
77
What is the **Fatal Funnel**?
The doorway area ## Footnote This area can be particularly dangerous during tactical situations.
78
What are the **Common Elements of the Deadly Mix**?
* The officer * The offender * The circumstances that brought them together ## Footnote Understanding these elements is crucial for risk assessment.
79
Define **Scholar**.
Having a knowledge and understanding of practical application; having knowledge of the law, case law, practices, procedures, etc.; having the ability to apply training properly; having knowledge about why we can do something ## Footnote Scholars contribute to informed decision-making in law enforcement.
80
What are the **Below 100 Initiative Factors**?
* Ballistic vests * Seat belts * Speed ## Footnote These factors aim to reduce officer fatalities.
81
Define **Time** in law enforcement context.
How long an officer needs to react to the cues and stimuli from others ## Footnote Time is critical in high-pressure situations.
82
Define **Distance** in law enforcement context.
How far officers are from anyone at any given time and in any given circumstance ## Footnote Maintaining appropriate distance can enhance safety.
83
What is the **Distance of Reactionary Gap**?
4 to 6 feet ## Footnote This gap allows officers time to react to threats.
84
What is the **Minimum Safe Distance from Edged Weapon**?
30 to 35 feet ## Footnote This distance helps ensure officer safety during encounters.
85
Define **Reactionary Gap**.
The space and distance between an officer and anyone else that buys the officer time ## Footnote This gap is crucial for tactical decision-making.
86
What are the **Vital Components of Reactionary Gap**?
* Space * Time * Distance ## Footnote These components are essential for officer safety.
87
Define **Space** in law enforcement context.
The area between the officers and anyone else ## Footnote Understanding space is important for tactical positioning.
88
What are the **Colors of Awareness**?
* White (environmentally unaware) * Yellow (alert, but not ready to act) * Orange (detects danger and is ready to act) * Red (taking action) * Black (blind panic) ## Footnote These colors represent different levels of situational awareness.
89
Define **Cover**.
Anything that will stop bullets and hide the officer ## Footnote Cover is essential for officer safety during confrontations.
90
Define **Concealment**.
Anything that prevents an officer from being observed ## Footnote Concealment can provide tactical advantages.
91
What are the **Enforcement Options**?
* Cite and release * Make a physical arrest ## Footnote These options are used based on the situation.
92
What are the **Vehicle Identification Characteristics**?
* Make * Model * Color * License plate * Body style ## Footnote These characteristics help in identifying vehicles.
93
What are the **Objectives of Security Checks**?
* Remain knowledgeable about a structure * Discover suspicious activity or evidence * Enhance community relations by maintaining high visibility ## Footnote Security checks are proactive measures for public safety.
94
What is **Directed Enforcement**?
Targets areas where problems are likely, concentrates patrol activities, and determines target areas ## Footnote This strategy aims to reduce crime in specific locations.
95
What is **Preventative Patrol**?
Increases visibility to discourage criminal activity, including security checks of high-risk targets ## Footnote This approach aims to prevent crime before it occurs.
96
What is **Cruiser Ready 1**?
Bolt is forward, safety is on fire position, magazine is inserted ## Footnote This configuration prepares the cruiser for immediate use.
97
What is **Cruiser Ready 2**?
Bolt is locked to the rear, safety is on safe position, magazine is inserted ## Footnote This configuration ensures safety while maintaining readiness.
98
What are the **Basic patrol strategies**?
* Preventative patrol * Directed enforcement ## Footnote These strategies guide law enforcement activities.
99
What are examples of **Additional personal equipment**?
* Rain gear * Cold weather gear * Weapon cleaning equipment * Reflective vest * Hearing protection ## Footnote Officers must be prepared for various conditions.
100
What are the **Influences on officer duties**?
* The law * Department policies * Procedures ## Footnote These influences shape how officers perform their duties.
101
What are examples of **Patrol bag items**?
* Department forms * Citation book * Extra pens/notebooks * Extra magazines * Extra flashlight * Spit sock * Extra handcuffs * Flex cuffs * Extra batteries * Binoculars ## Footnote These items are essential for effective patrol operations.
102
What is included in **Personal equipment**?
* Body armor/plates * Handgun/ammo * Baton * Handcuffs * Gloves * Body camera * Cell phone * Duty belt * Taser * Radio * TQ * Flashlights * Hobbles * Pouches * Narcan ## Footnote Officers carry various equipment for safety and effectiveness.
103
What are the **Consequences of corruption**?
* Criminal action * Loss of public support * Loss of funding for both the department and the profession * Loss of personal and professional reputation ## Footnote Corruption undermines trust in law enforcement.
104
What is the **Lautenberg Amendment**?
The domestic violence offender gun ban ## Footnote This amendment prohibits individuals with domestic violence convictions from possessing firearms.
105
Define **Noble cause corruption**.
Being corrupt for the greater good ## Footnote This concept raises ethical dilemmas in law enforcement.
106
What is the **ACT decision-making model**?
* A: Identify alternatives * C: Project the consequences * T: Tell your story (consider your defense) ## Footnote This model guides ethical decision-making.
107
What should you do if someone falls through ice?
Don't go onto the ice; call for backup ## Footnote Safety is paramount in rescue situations.
108
Define **Preponderance**.
More likely than not ## Footnote This standard is used in civil cases.
109
What are the **Walk-and-turn test stages**?
* Instruction stage * Walking stage ## Footnote These stages assess a subject's balance and coordination.
110
What are the **One leg stand test stages**?
* Instruction stage * Balance and counting stage ## Footnote These stages evaluate a subject's ability to maintain balance.
111
What are the **WAT test clues**?
* Cannot keep balance while listening to instructions * Starts too soon * Does not touch heel-to-toe * Stops while walking * Steps off line * Uses arms for balance * Improper turn * Incorrect number of steps ## Footnote These clues indicate potential impairment.
112
What are the **OLS test clues**?
* Sways while balancing * Uses arms for balance * Hopping * Puts foot down ## Footnote These clues suggest difficulty maintaining balance.
113
What are the **Search warrant components**?
* Probable cause * Support by affidavit * Name/description of person * Specific description of property * Place to be searched ## Footnote These components are necessary for a valid search warrant.
114
What items are **returned after a search warrant**?
* A verified return * An inventory of the property taken * The search warrant itself ## Footnote These items document the execution of the warrant.
115
Who decides the **facts during a jury trial**?
The jury ## Footnote The jury is responsible for determining the facts of the case.
116
Who decides the **facts and law at a bench trial**?
The judge ## Footnote In a bench trial, the judge serves as both judge and jury.
117
What is the **evidence requirement**?
Admissible ## Footnote Evidence must meet legal standards to be considered in court.
118
What are the **5 Cs in hostage situations**?
* Contain * Control * Communicate * Call SWAT * Create a plan ## Footnote These steps guide law enforcement responses to hostage situations.
119
What types of individuals might take **hostages**?
* Terrorists * Criminals * Psychotics ## Footnote Understanding motivations can aid in negotiation strategies.
120
What are the **admissible evidence criteria**?
* Relevant * Competent * Legally obtained ## Footnote These criteria ensure that evidence can be used in court.
121
What are **non-hearsay statements**?
* Prior statement made by a witness * Admissions made by the defendant ## Footnote These statements can be used as evidence in court.
122
What are the **categories of burglaries**?
* In progress * Just occurred * Occurred earlier ## Footnote These categories help law enforcement prioritize responses.
123
What are ways **robberies are reported**?
* Alarm activation * Reported by a victim or witness * Officer observes the crime in progress ## Footnote Timely reporting is crucial for effective law enforcement response.
124
What are the **factors indicating a seizure**?
* Use of emergency lights * Use/display of weapons * Physical touching by the officer * Number of officers present * Verbal commands, non-verbal messaging * Blocking of exits or pathways ## Footnote These factors help determine if a seizure has occurred.
125
What are the **responsibilities of the magistrate court**?
* Handles infractions * Misdemeanors * Juvenile cases * Family law * Holds felony bail and preliminary hearings * Handles civil claims under $10,000 * Small claims under $5,000 ## Footnote The magistrate court addresses a variety of legal matters.
126
What are the **responsibilities of the supreme court**?
* Composed of 1 chief justice and 4 associate judges * Final court of appeal in Idaho * Establishes rules for Idaho courts * Hears appeals from district courts * Original jurisdiction in some cases ## Footnote The supreme court serves as the highest legal authority in the state.
127
What is the **golden rule of the reactionary gap**?
Space, time, and distance must be controlled by the officers ## Footnote This principle is crucial for officer safety.
128
What are examples of **pre-attack indicators**?
* Threats * Target glancing * Weight shifting * Bladed/boxer stance * Muscles tensing * Removing hats/watches/clothing * Hand placement * Active resistance * Nature of crime * Armed or having access to weapons * Gang affiliation * History of violence * Nature of area ## Footnote Recognizing these indicators can help prevent violence.
129
What are the **factors influencing physical force necessity**?
* Number of suspects * Size/age/condition * Suspect's history ## Footnote These factors guide officers in determining appropriate responses.
130
What is the **golden rule of the reactionary gap**?
Space, time, and distance must be controlled by the officers. ## Footnote This principle emphasizes the importance of maintaining a safe distance in potentially dangerous situations.
131
Name examples of **pre-attack indicators**.
* Threats * Target glancing * Weight shifting * Bladed/boxer stance * Muscles tensing * Removing hats/watches/clothing * Hand placement * Active resistance * Nature of crime * Armed or having access to weapons * Gang affiliation * History of violence * Nature of area ## Footnote These indicators can help officers assess potential threats before an attack occurs.
132
Factors influencing the **necessity of physical force** include:
* Number of suspects * Size/age/condition * Suspect's history (violence, mental health) * Use of alcohol/drugs * Special training ## Footnote These factors help determine the appropriate level of force to use in a given situation.
133
The conclusion of **Tennessee v. Garner** states that deadly force must not be used unless:
* Necessary to prevent escape * Officer has probable cause to believe suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury ## Footnote This case set important legal standards regarding the use of deadly force by law enforcement.
134
True or false: An **immediate threat** is one that is going to happen in the future.
FALSE ## Footnote An immediate threat is happening or is about to happen, while an imminent threat refers to a future occurrence.
135
Examples of **intermediate weapons** include:
* Baton * OC spray * Electronic control device ## Footnote These weapons are used to control suspects without resorting to lethal force.
136
What is the **21-foot rule**?
The distance an average suspect can cover in the time it takes an officer to respond to the threat. ## Footnote This concept highlights the importance of distance in officer safety.
137
Common **perceptual distortion** in shooting is:
Diminished sound. ## Footnote This phenomenon can affect an officer's perception during high-stress situations.
138
What does the **OODA loop** stand for?
* Observe * Orient * Decide * Act ## Footnote This decision-making process is crucial in tactical situations.
139
The priority over **evidence preservation** is:
Lifesaving. ## Footnote In critical situations, saving lives takes precedence over collecting evidence.
140
Types of **perimeters** at a crime scene include:
* Inner perimeter * Outer perimeter ## Footnote These perimeters help secure the crime scene and control access.
141
The purpose of a **crime scene photograph** is to:
Accurately depict the scene without introducing distortion or visual bias. ## Footnote Proper documentation is essential for investigations.
142
Rigor mortis appears within __________ hours after death.
2 hours ## Footnote It reaches its greatest state between 8 to 12 hours.
143
Lividity appears in as little as __________ minutes after death.
30 minutes ## Footnote Lividity fixation occurs within 8 hours.
144
What is **decomposition**?
The physical breakdown of tissue due to bacteria. ## Footnote This process is a key factor in death investigations.
145
Manners of death include:
* Homicide * Suicide * Accidental * Natural * Unknown ## Footnote These classifications help determine the circumstances surrounding a death.
146
Causes of death can include:
* Asphyxia * Sharp force trauma * Blunt force trauma * Gunshot trauma ## Footnote Understanding these causes is crucial in forensic investigations.
147
What is **asphyxia**?
Lack of oxygen. ## Footnote It can result from various circumstances, including strangulation and drowning.
148
Types of **blunt force traumas** include:
* Abrasions * Contusions * Lacerations ## Footnote These injuries can vary in severity and implications.
149
Types of **gunshot wounds** include:
* Penetrating * Perforating * Grazing * Tangential ## Footnote Each type has different implications for injury and investigation.
150
The leading cause of **sudden death** is:
Heart disease. ## Footnote This statistic is significant in public health discussions.
151
Actions to take after a crime scene is safe include:
* Remove people from the scene * Separate witnesses * Locate and secure entry/exit points ## Footnote These steps are essential for maintaining the integrity of the investigation.
152
A **latent print** is defined as:
An unintentional impression of friction ridges that may be left on an object when touched. ## Footnote Latent prints must be lifted to be seen.
153
What is the **composition of latent prints**?
Water (99%). ## Footnote This composition is crucial for understanding how prints are formed.
154
What are **patent prints**?
Friction ridges covered in a foreign substance, visible without enhancement. ## Footnote These prints can be easily identified at a crime scene.
155
What are **plastic prints**?
Three-dimensional friction ridges pressed into a soft substance. ## Footnote These prints can provide valuable evidence.
156
Uses of **latent prints** include:
* Identification purposes * Establish presence at a crime scene * Establish contact with an item of evidence * Confirm or refute an incident or statement ## Footnote Latent prints are a key tool in forensic investigations.
157
The most common **fingerprint pattern** is:
Loops. ## Footnote Understanding fingerprint patterns is essential for forensic identification.
158
Reasons prints are not recovered include:
* Environment: heat may dry print, rain may wash print away * Surface: highly textured, dirty/dusty * Person: dry skin, too much/too little perspiration ## Footnote These factors can hinder the recovery of fingerprints.
159
Categories of evidence surface types include:
* Non-porous * Porous * Semi-porous ## Footnote Understanding these categories helps in evidence collection.
160
Examples of **non-porous surfaces** include:
* Glass * Metal * Plastic * Glazed ceramic * Finished wood * Painted surfaces ## Footnote Non-porous surfaces are ideal for fingerprint recovery.
161
Examples of **porous surfaces** include:
* Paper * Cardboard * Raw wood ## Footnote These surfaces can absorb substances, making print recovery more difficult.
162
What is the **preferred format** for photographing fingerprints?
RAW or TIFF. ## Footnote These formats preserve image quality for forensic analysis.
163
The percentage of **latent prints** that are palm prints is:
10 to 30 percent. ## Footnote This statistic is important for understanding the types of prints that may be found at a scene.
164
The **best practice** for collecting from a crime scene is:
Collect small, easy-to-collect items, and process larger items at the scene. ## Footnote This approach ensures that evidence is preserved effectively.
165
Steps to photograph prints include:
* Photograph the print with the body of the camera parallel to the surface * Place a scale next to the print * Fill the camera frame with both the print and the scale, ensuring both are in focus * Use the highest resolution possible (avoid using JPEG) ## Footnote Proper documentation is crucial for forensic evidence.
166
What is the definition of **rape**?
The penetration, however slight, of the oral, anal, or vaginal opening with a penis. ## Footnote This definition is critical for legal and forensic contexts.
167
The **age of consent** in Idaho is:
16. ## Footnote This legal standard is important in discussions of sexual offenses.
168
Types of **rapists** include:
* Anger-excitation rapist * Power-assertive rapist * Anger retaliatory rapist * Power-reassurance rapist ## Footnote Understanding these types can aid in profiling and prevention.
169
The most common type of rapist is the:
Power-reassurance rapist. ## Footnote This type is characterized by premeditated and ritualistic behavior.
170
Causes of **ethical violations** in law enforcement include:
* Anger * Lust * Greed * Peer pressure ## Footnote Recognizing these causes is essential for maintaining integrity in law enforcement.
171
The most important trait for officers is:
Attitude. ## Footnote A positive attitude can significantly impact interactions with the community.
172
What is a **drug** (DUI)?
Any substance which, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely. ## Footnote This definition is crucial for understanding DUI laws.
173
Categories of **drugs** include:
* CNS depressants * CNS stimulants * Hallucinogens * Dissociative anesthetics * Narcotic analgesics * Inhalants * Cannabis ## Footnote Understanding these categories is important for law enforcement and public health.
174
Components of the **horizontal gaze nystagmus test** include:
* Check for lack of smooth pursuit * Check for nystagmus at maximum deviation * Check for nystagmus prior to 45 degrees ## Footnote This test is used to assess impairment in DUI cases.
175
The **walk and turn test** concept is based on:
Divided attention. ## Footnote This test evaluates a person's ability to perform mental and physical tasks simultaneously.
176
Clues for the **walk and turn test** include:
* Loses balance during instruction * Starts too soon * Stops while walking * Doesn't touch heel-to-toe * Steps offline * Uses arms for balance * Improper turn * Wrong number of steps ## Footnote These clues help assess a subject's impairment.
177
Categories of drugs inducing **nystagmus** include:
* Depressants * Inhalants * Dissociative anesthetics ## Footnote Nystagmus is a key indicator of impairment.
178
Drugs causing **pupil constriction** include:
* Narcotic analgesics ## Footnote This effect is important for identifying drug influence.
179
Drugs causing **pupil dilation** include:
* CNS stimulants * Hallucinogens * Cannabis ## Footnote Pupil response can indicate specific types of drug use.
180
The primary psychoactive ingredient in **cannabis** is:
THC. ## Footnote This compound is responsible for the drug's effects.
181
Types of **cannabis** include:
* Marijuana * Hashish * Hashish oil * Marinol * Sinsemilla ## Footnote These variations can have different legal and health implications.
182
General indicators of **CNS depressant use** include:
* Drowsiness * Thick/slurred speech * Uncoordinated * Fumbling * Flaccid muscle tone * Sluggish * Impaired divided attention * Slowed reflexes * Impaired vision * Impaired judgment ## Footnote These signs are critical for law enforcement assessments.
183
Natural **hallucinogens** include:
* Peyote * Psilocybin mushrooms * Bufotine toad * Nutmeg * Gypsum ## Footnote These substances can produce significant psychological effects.
184
Types of **dissociative anesthetics** include:
* PCP * Ketamine ## Footnote These drugs can cause profound alterations in perception and consciousness.
185
Examples of **volatile solvents** include:
* Paint * Toluene * Gasoline * Paint thinner * Glue ## Footnote These substances are commonly abused as inhalants.
186
General indicators of **inhalant use** include:
* Residue of substance around nose and mouth * Odor of the substance * Paper or plastic bags with a substance in them * Rags or clothes with the substance in them ## Footnote These signs can help identify inhalant abuse.
187
What are the **indicators of inhalants**?
* Residue of substance around nose and mouth * Odor of the substance * Paper or plastic bags with a substance * Rags or clothes with the substance ## Footnote Eye indicators include HGN and VGN, and psychophysical indicators include nausea and slurred speech.
188
What are the **eye indicators** of narcotic analgesics?
* HGN and VGN will not be present * Pupils will be constricted * Eyelids will be droopy * Little to no reaction to light ## Footnote These indicators help identify the influence of narcotic analgesics.
189
What are the **psychophysical indicators** of narcotic analgesics?
* Divided attention impairment * Poor coordination and balance * Slowed internal clock * Flaccid muscle tone ## Footnote These indicators can help in assessing impairment due to narcotic analgesics.
190
Define **polydrug use**.
Having two or more categories of drugs in your body at the same time ## Footnote This can lead to complex interactions and effects.
191
What are the **effects of taking 2 or more drug categories**?
* Null * Overlapping * Additive * Antagonistic ## Footnote Each effect describes how drugs interact with each other.
192
What is a **Schedule I drug**?
Has a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use ## Footnote Examples include LSD, heroin, and marijuana.
193
What are common **Schedule II drugs**?
* Cocaine * Methamphetamine * Amphetamine * Opium * Morphine ## Footnote These drugs have a high potential for abuse but may have accepted medical uses.
194
True or false: **vaginal penetration, anal penetration, and oral penetration** are all considered rape.
TRUE ## Footnote This definition encompasses various forms of sexual assault.
195
What are the **Amber alert criteria**?
* Child known to be abducted * Abduction occurred within 12 hours * Child is 17 years old or younger * Imminent danger of serious bodily harm or death * Descriptive information available ## Footnote These criteria help in the rapid recovery of abducted children.
196
What are the **5 Cs for hostage/barricade response**?
* Contain * Control * Communicate * Call SWAT * Create a plan ## Footnote These steps are crucial for managing hostage or barricade situations.
197
What is the **first action in a homicide investigation**?
Photograph the scene ## Footnote Documenting the scene is critical for evidence collection.
198
What is the definition of **racism**?
A belief that inherent differences among races determine cultural or individual achievement ## Footnote This often involves the idea that one's own race is superior.
199
What are the **types of racism**?
* Individual * Interpersonal * Institutional * Structural ## Footnote Each type reflects different levels and contexts of racial discrimination.
200
What are the **bases of discrimination**?
* Race * Gender * Age * Religion * Sexual orientation ## Footnote Discrimination can occur on various grounds, affecting individuals differently.
201
Define **stereotype**.
Generalizations about the perceived 'typical' characteristics of a social category ## Footnote Stereotypes can lead to biases and discrimination.
202
What are the **modes of thinking**?
* Deliberative * Automatic ## Footnote These modes describe how individuals process information and make decisions.
IZD1901
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