Renal Path Quiz 2- part 4

Question 1

nephrolithiasis

Answer 1

kidney stones or renal calculi

Question 2

4 main types of renal stones are:

Answer 2

calcium oxalate
triple phosphate
uric acid
cystine

Question 3

which type of stones are most common?

Answer 3

calcium oxalate (75%)

Question 4

the bacteria that cause UTI’s are urea splitting which creates a higher pH allowing stones to precipitate out of solution. which type of renal stones are associated with UTIs?

Answer 4

triple phosphate (or magnesium ammonium phosphate)

Question 5

what’s another name of magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (aka triple phosphate)?

Answer 5

staghorn calculi

they are some of the largest stones

Question 6

uric acid crystals can be seen in urine of patients with

Answer 6

gout

diseases involving rapid cell turnover (leukemias or with tumor lysis syndrome)

Question 7

uric acid crystals form in what urine pH?

Answer 7

acidic environment, 5.5 or less

Question 8

which stone forms in gout (MTP joint of big toe)?

Answer 8

uric acid

Question 9

cystine stone are caused by?

Answer 9

genetic defects

Question 10

multiple stone in a child are most likely which type of stones?

Answer 10

cystine stones

Question 11

are benign or malignant renal tumors more common?

Answer 11

malignant tumors

Question 12

what’s the most common type of benign renal tumors?

Answer 12

renal adenoma

Question 13

where are renal adenomas most often found? and what are they called?

Answer 13

• papilla

- renal papillary adenomas

Question 14

how do renal papillary adenomas appear under microscope?

Answer 14

frond like (papillary actually means frond like)

Question 15

oncocytoma is an uncommon type of adenoma with characteristic histological features of

Answer 15

uniform large polygonal cells
large nuclei
numerous mitochondria

Question 16

what appearance do the mitochondria have in oncocytoma?

Answer 16

stacked appearance

Question 17

what’s the most common type of primary malignant renal tumor?

Answer 17

renal cell carcinoma

most common primary and most common malignant

Question 18

what classic triad of sx suggests advanced disease in renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 18

flank pain
hematuria
palpable abdominal mass

Question 19

what’s the main risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 19

tobacco

also exposure to toxic compounds

Question 20

dialysis patients who develop renal cysts are at an increased risk for what?

Answer 20

renal cell carcinoma

other cysts in kidneys (simple cysts, adult or child PKD, or medullary sponge kidney) aren’t at an increased risk

Question 21

now that we know the most common malignant renal tumor is renal cell carcinoma, what’s the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 21

clear cell carcinoma (75-85%)

Question 22

renal cell carcinoma is most often referred to as clear cell carcinoma due to the histological appearance of the cells. which is?

Answer 22

cells that have a clear cytoplasm
arranged in nests
with intervening blood vessels

Question 23

clear cell carcinoma arises from which part of the glomerulus?

Answer 23

proximal tubules

Question 24

what’s the second most common primary malignant renal tumor?

Answer 24

transitional cell carcinoma

but the second most common malignancy is metastatic tumor

Question 25

what's the most common primary renal tumor of childhood?

Answer 25

Wilm's tumor

Question 26

what's the histological appearance of Wilm's tumor?

Answer 26

nests of primitive appearing cells