reproductive Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

Dysmenorrhea - define

A

painful menstruation

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2
Q

What causes primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Causes – excessive prostaglandin – increase myometrial contraction, constricts endometrial blood vessels, and enhances nerve hypersensitivity

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3
Q

What causes secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Causes – endometriosis, endometritis, PID, adhesions, obstructive uterine or vaginal anomalies, inflammation, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumours, cysts or IUDs

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4
Q

Endometrial polyps
Contains?
Who?

A

benign mass of tissue containing glands, connective tissue, & blood vessels – develop anywhere within the uterus, usually in women 40-50 yrs.

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5
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue outside of the uterus – can mimic other pelvic diseases – can include infertility, pelvic pain, pain on defecation, pain during intercourse

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6
Q

Benign ovarian cysts

A

occurs most common in the reproductive years around puberty and menopause – related to hormone imbalances

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7
Q

Leimyomas - define

A

slow growing benign tumours that develop in the myometrium

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8
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - define

A

“Acute inflammatory caused by infection
Can involve one or multiple upper pelvic organs”

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9
Q

Risk factors of PID

A

“STI from multiple partners or contact with someone who has had multiple partners
Previous PID
Sexually active < 25 yrs
Using douches
IUD
Main causes are STI from gonorrhea and chlamydia
But, can also occur from induced abortions, D&Cs, vaginal deliveries”

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10
Q

If PID is left untreated, what can be the result?

A

infertility – 12% after one episode, 50% after 3 episodes

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11
Q

Signs & symptoms of PID

A

Pain in lower abdomen, fever, odorous vaginal discharge, painful urination, abnormal bleeding between menstruation

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12
Q

Orchitis - define

A

acute inflammation of the testes – often caused by STI - complication of systemic infection - can also be caused by viral infections such as the Mumps

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13
Q

Orchitis - signs & symptoms

A

blood in semen, discharge from penis, pain, swelling

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14
Q

Epididymitis - define

A

sexual active males < 35 yrs usually caused by STI – in older males it can be associated with urinary tract infections and intestinal bacteria – chemical epididymitis is associated reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts – and is associated with strictures and pressure on the bladder caused by excessive physical straining

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15
Q

Epididymitis - signs & symptoms

A

acute and severe scrotal or inguinal pain, possibly flank pain – urethral discharge

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16
Q

Urethritis - define

A

usually caused by gonorrhea

17
Q

Urethritis - signs & symptoms

A

pain on urination is the most common symptom

18
Q

Urethral strictures - causes

A

can be caused by scarring created from infections, procedures such as cystoscopy or long term catherization – can cause bladder obstruction dependent on degree of stricture – may also see less forceful urination, hesitancy, and frequency

19
Q

Breast cancer - signs & symptoms

A

“75% will have a painless breast lump
Palpable nodes in the axilla, retraction of breast tissue, change in skin colour or texture, discharge from nipple, or bone pain caused by metastasis
Obstruction or destruction of lymphatic pathways leads to metastasis to the opposite breast, neck and abdomen”

20
Q

Breast cancer - most common location

A

Majority of breast cancers occur in the upper outer quadrant of the breasts

21
Q

Cervical cancer - risk factors

A

“Multiple sex partners
Male partner with multiple sex partners
Sexually active at a young age
Multiple births
HPV infection
Oral contraceptives
Smoking”

22
Q

Cervical cancer - signs & symptoms

A

“May have change in vaginal discharge, bleeding after intercourse or between menstruation
Advanced – urinary or rectal changes, pelvic and lower back pain”

23
Q

Endometrial cancer - definition

A

A malignant tumor that arises from the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
It is the most common gynecologic cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.
Often linked to excess estrogen exposure (e.g., obesity, hormone therapy, early menarche, late menopause).

24
Q

Endometrial cancer - risk factors

A

“Unopposed estrogen – estrogen only HRT
Early menstruation
Late menopause
Nulliparity
Failure to ovulate – PCO
DM, obesity, & sedentary lifestyle”

25
Endometrial cancer - signs & symptoms
"Abnormal vaginal bleeding Pain and weight loss – more advanced stages Transvaginal ultrasound to measure endometrial thickness > 5mm – endometrial biopsy D&C for carcinoma in situ Hysterectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy"
26
Prostatitis - signs & symptoms
inflammation that continues for 3 months or longer - non-bacterial form of prostatitis, hard to treat, presents with frequent urination, pain during urination, urgency, pain in perineum, lower back, rectum, penis, or testicles
27
Varicocele - definition
enlargement of the testicular veins – similar to varicose veins in your leg
28
Hydrocele of scrotum - definition
collection of fluid in the thin sheath surrounding the testicle – most common cause of scrotal swelling
29
Cryptorchidism - definition
undescended testis – fails to descend completely
30
Torsion - definition
testis rotates on vascular pedicle – blood supply is cut off – considered an acute scrotum