reproductive Flashcards
(30 cards)
Dysmenorrhea - define
painful menstruation
What causes primary dysmenorrhea?
Causes – excessive prostaglandin – increase myometrial contraction, constricts endometrial blood vessels, and enhances nerve hypersensitivity
What causes secondary dysmenorrhea?
Causes – endometriosis, endometritis, PID, adhesions, obstructive uterine or vaginal anomalies, inflammation, uterine fibroids, polyps, tumours, cysts or IUDs
Endometrial polyps
Contains?
Who?
benign mass of tissue containing glands, connective tissue, & blood vessels – develop anywhere within the uterus, usually in women 40-50 yrs.
Endometriosis
endometrial tissue outside of the uterus – can mimic other pelvic diseases – can include infertility, pelvic pain, pain on defecation, pain during intercourse
Benign ovarian cysts
occurs most common in the reproductive years around puberty and menopause – related to hormone imbalances
Leimyomas - define
slow growing benign tumours that develop in the myometrium
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - define
“Acute inflammatory caused by infection
Can involve one or multiple upper pelvic organs”
Risk factors of PID
“STI from multiple partners or contact with someone who has had multiple partners
Previous PID
Sexually active < 25 yrs
Using douches
IUD
Main causes are STI from gonorrhea and chlamydia
But, can also occur from induced abortions, D&Cs, vaginal deliveries”
If PID is left untreated, what can be the result?
infertility – 12% after one episode, 50% after 3 episodes
Signs & symptoms of PID
Pain in lower abdomen, fever, odorous vaginal discharge, painful urination, abnormal bleeding between menstruation
Orchitis - define
acute inflammation of the testes – often caused by STI - complication of systemic infection - can also be caused by viral infections such as the Mumps
Orchitis - signs & symptoms
blood in semen, discharge from penis, pain, swelling
Epididymitis - define
sexual active males < 35 yrs usually caused by STI – in older males it can be associated with urinary tract infections and intestinal bacteria – chemical epididymitis is associated reflux of urine into the ejaculatory ducts – and is associated with strictures and pressure on the bladder caused by excessive physical straining
Epididymitis - signs & symptoms
acute and severe scrotal or inguinal pain, possibly flank pain – urethral discharge
Urethritis - define
usually caused by gonorrhea
Urethritis - signs & symptoms
pain on urination is the most common symptom
Urethral strictures - causes
can be caused by scarring created from infections, procedures such as cystoscopy or long term catherization – can cause bladder obstruction dependent on degree of stricture – may also see less forceful urination, hesitancy, and frequency
Breast cancer - signs & symptoms
“75% will have a painless breast lump
Palpable nodes in the axilla, retraction of breast tissue, change in skin colour or texture, discharge from nipple, or bone pain caused by metastasis
Obstruction or destruction of lymphatic pathways leads to metastasis to the opposite breast, neck and abdomen”
Breast cancer - most common location
Majority of breast cancers occur in the upper outer quadrant of the breasts
Cervical cancer - risk factors
“Multiple sex partners
Male partner with multiple sex partners
Sexually active at a young age
Multiple births
HPV infection
Oral contraceptives
Smoking”
Cervical cancer - signs & symptoms
“May have change in vaginal discharge, bleeding after intercourse or between menstruation
Advanced – urinary or rectal changes, pelvic and lower back pain”
Endometrial cancer - definition
A malignant tumor that arises from the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
It is the most common gynecologic cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.
Often linked to excess estrogen exposure (e.g., obesity, hormone therapy, early menarche, late menopause).
Endometrial cancer - risk factors
“Unopposed estrogen – estrogen only HRT
Early menstruation
Late menopause
Nulliparity
Failure to ovulate – PCO
DM, obesity, & sedentary lifestyle”
