STAT (4th Quarter)

Question 1

is a type of observational
study design. In this study, the
investigator measures the
outcome and the exposures
in the study participants at
the same time. (compared at the same time)

Answer 1

Cross-sectional study design

Question 2

researchers repeatedly
examine the same individuals
to detect any changes that
might occur over a period of
time. (Compared over the time)

Answer 2

longitudinal study,

Question 3

Types of Longtidunal Study

Answer 3

Panel Study
Cohort study
Retrospective study

Question 4

involves a sample of people from a more significant population
and is conducted at specified intervals for a more extended period.

Answer 4

panel survey

Question 5

Its essential features is that researchers collect data
from the same sample at different points in time.

Answer 5

panel study’s

Question 6

are designed for quantitative analysis, though they may also be used to collect qualitative data and analysis.

Answer 6

panel studies

Question 7

researchers use __________ to accurately measure
specific parameters and human behaviors

Answer 7

panel surveys

Question 8

samples a cohort (a group of people who typically
experience the same event at a given point in time). Medical
researchers tend to conduct cohort studies. Some might consider
clinical trials similar to cohort studies.

Answer 8

cohort study

Question 9

researchers merely observe participants without
intervention, unlike clinical trials in which participants undergo
tests.

Answer 9

cohort studies,

Question 10

They are planned in advance and carried out in a future period of
time. In this study, individuals do not have the disease, but it is
observed over a period of time to observe the frequency of its
manifestation in different groups.

Answer 10

Prospective study

Question 11

uses already existing data, collected during previously
conducted research with similar methodology and variables.

Answer 11

retrospective study

Question 12

Possible sources of biases in a sample surveys
that one should be cautious about:

Answer 12

• Wording of questions
• Sensitivity of the survey topic
• Interviewer biases
• Non-response biases

Question 13

which can influence the response enormously

Answer 13

Wording of questions

Question 14

income, sex, illegal behavior, etc.

Answer 14

Sensitivity of the survey topic

Question 15

in selecting respondents or in the responses generated because of the
appearance and demeanor of the interviewer.

Answer 15

Interviewer biases

Question 16

which happens when targeted respondents opt not to provide information
in the survey

Answer 16

Non-response biases

Question 17

Type of survey errors

Answer 17

Sampling Error
Non-Sampling Error

Question 18

It results from chance variation from sample to sample in a probability sample.
It is roughly the difference between the value obtained in a sample statistic and
the value of the population parameter that would have arisen had a census
been conducted.

Answer 18

Sampling Error

Question 19

Types of Non-Sampling Error

Answer 19

Coverage error or selection bias

Non-response error or bias occurs

Measurement error

Question 20

results if some groups are excluded from
the frame and have no chance of being selected.

Answer 20

*Coverage error or selection bias

Question 21

occurs when people who do not respond may
be different from those who do respond.

Answer 21

• Non-response error or bias occurs

Question 22

It is how likely something is to happen. “chance”

Answer 22

Probability

Question 23

• A context wherein possible outcomes are well defined and can
  be specified, at least in principle, beforehand.

Answer 23

Random Process

Question 24

We do not know which of the possible outcomes will occur,
but we do know what is on the list of possible outcomes.

Answer 24

Random Process

Question 25

It is a way to map outcomes of a statistical experiment determined by chance into number

Answer 25

Random Variable

Question 26

is an activity that will produce outcomes, or a process that will generate data. The outcomes have a corresponding chance of occurrence.

Answer 26

Statistical Experiment

Question 27

are random variables that can take on a finite number of distinct values.

Answer 27

Discrete Random Variables

Question 28

are random variables that take an infinitely uncountable number of possible values, typically measurable quantities.

Answer 28

Continuous Random Variables

Question 29

The collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions.

Answer 29

Survey

Question 30

is a method of systematically gathering information on a segment of the population such as individuals, families, wildlife, farms, business firms, and unions of workers, for the purpose of quantitative descriptors of the attributes of the population.

Answer 30

A sample survey

Question 31

A sample often provides useful and reliable information at a much lower cost than a census.

Answer 31

Cost

Question 32

A sample usually provides more timely information because fewer data are to be collected and processed. This attribute is particularly important when information is needed quickly.

Answer 32

Timeliness

Question 33

A sample often provides information as accurate, or more accurate, than a census, because data errors typically can be controlled better in smaller tasks.

Answer 33

Accuracy

Question 34

More time is spent in getting detailed information with sample surveys than with censuses.

Answer 34

Detailed information

Question 35

When a test involves the destruction of an item, sampling must be used.

Answer 35

Destructive testing

Question 36

involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group

Answer 36

Probability sampling

Question 37

involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data.

Answer 37

Non-probability sampling

Question 38

is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of this random subset.

Answer 38

Simple random sampling

Question 39

the population is divided into two or more strata based on common characteristics.

Answer 39

Stratified sampling

Question 40

It is an extension of simple random sampling which allows for different homogeneous groups,

Answer 40

strata,

Question 41

Elements are selected from the population at a uniform interval that is measured in time, order, or space. There is firstly, a decision on a desired sample size.

Answer 41

Systematic sampling

Question 42

It is a probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample.

Answer 42

Cluster Sampling

Question 43

It is a type of nonprobability sampling in which people are sampled simply because they are "convenient" sources of data for researchers. Under this method, researcher does not take special efforts to select the sample, but simply selects those who are immediately available

Answer 43

Haphazard or accidental sampling

Question 44

, participant volunteer rather than being chosen.

Answer 44

volunteer sampling

Question 45

pertains to having an expert select a representative sample based on his own subjective judgment.

Answer 45

Purposive sampling

Question 46

sample units are picked for convenience but certain quotas (such as the number of persons to interview) are given to interviewers. This design is especially used in market research.

Answer 46

Quota Sampling,

Question 47

is a statistical term that describes a division of observations into four defined intervals based on the values of the data and how they compare to the entire set of observations.

Answer 47

quartile

Question 48

is a term used in statistics to express how a score compares to other scores in the same set.

Answer 48

percentile

Question 49

indicates the percentage of scores in the distribution that falls less than or equal to that score.

Answer 49

percentile rank

Question 50

is equal to the median.

Answer 50

The second quartile