Text Chapter 5: Biotechnology

Question 1

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 1

chop up DNA from donor species that exhibits a trait of interest

Question 2

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 2

amplifies small samples of DNA into more useful quantities

Question 3

Ligation to Produce Recombinant DNA

Answer 3

insert pieces of DNA into bacterial cells or viruses

Question 4

Ligation to Produce Recombinant DNA

Answer 4

insert pieces of DNA into bacterial sells or viruses

Question 5

Transformation to Produce DNA Library

Answer 5

grow separate colonies of bacteria or viruses, each containing some donor DNA

Question 6

Screening a DNA Library

Answer 6

identify colonies of bacteria or viruses that have DNA for a trait of interest

Question 7

Biotechnology

Answer 7

use of living things to provide needed products or processes

Question 8

DNA Library

Answer 8

the group of plasmids that contain all the genes from a single organism

Question 9

DNA Ligase

Answer 9

an enzyme that ‘glues’ DNA, (produces recombinant DNA)

Question 10

“Knockout” Organism

Answer 10

take out a gene from an organism whose function you want to study

Question 11

Ligation

Answer 11

‘gluing’ genes together

Question 12

Primer

Answer 12

starting point for DNA polymerase to make new DNA

Question 13

Plasmid

Answer 13

extrachromosomal, independently replicating, small circular DNA molecule

Question 14

PCR

Answer 14

uses repeated cycles of heating to denature DNA and cooling to synthesize new DNA, uses Taq polymerase (withstands heat) and primers to begin synthesis

Question 15

Probe

Answer 15

sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization

Question 16

Recombinant DNA

Answer 16

DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources

Question 17

Recombinant DNA

Answer 17

DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources

Question 18

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 18

enzymes that cleave the DNA double helix at specific nucleotide sequences

Question 19

RFLP Analysis

Answer 19

use of a probe to identify specific DNA fragments derived from specific enzyme digestion, shows variation in sizes of fragments between different individuals

Question 20

Short Tandem Repeat

Answer 20

repeated regions of DNA found in highly variable portions of human chromosomes

Question 21

Sticky End

Answer 21

single stranded end to pair single stranded end with opposite type

Question 22

Taq Polymerase

Answer 22

DNA polymerase that withstands high heat

Question 23

Transformation

Answer 23

introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells

Question 24

Transgenic Organism

Answer 24

an organism with a gene from another species in all of its cells

Question 25

Vector

Answer 25

carrier of DNA, can be virus or plasmids

Question 26

Advantages of PCR

Answer 26

amplifies small amounts of DNA, STR's allow you to distinguish between people

Question 27

Advantages of RFLP Analysis

Answer 27

shows variations in sizes of fragments between different individuals, (disadvantage: need more DNA)

Question 28

Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology in Animals

Answer 28

animals provide models for human diseases, can produce pharmaceuticals and release them in mild

Question 29

Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology in Plants

Answer 29

transgenic plants can resist herbicides and pests and have improved storage qualities and enhanced nutrition

Question 30

Describe how DNA results are used to determine whether a man is the father of a specific child

Answer 30

STR's match half the loci of the child

Question 31

Distinguish between potential crime suspects using DNA fingerprinting by RLFP analysis

Answer 31

The number of repeats within an STR region (indicating an individual’s genotype) is determined by comparing the length of the fragments containing that STR’s region to DNA fragments of known lengths

Question 32

Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Theraputics

Answer 32

factor VII, HGH, insulin, interferon, vaccine, treats many previously untreatable illnesses

Question 33

Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Gene Testing

Answer 33

can identify if an individual has or carries a genetic condition, useful information before having children

Question 34

Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Gene Therapy

Answer 34

when an individual receives a gene they are missing, can be life-saving