Text Chapters 6 and 25: Cellular Reproduction

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

chromatin is diffuse, individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished

Question 2

Mitosis

Answer 2

nuclear division retaining the original chromosome number

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

nuclear division reducing the chromosome number, leading to sperm or eggs

Question 4

Cytokinesis

Answer 4

cytoplasmic division

Question 5

Prophase

Answer 5

chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down, each chromosome appears as a pair of chromatids attached at their centromeres

Question 6

Metaphase

Answer 6

chromatid pairs align at the cell equator

Question 7

Anaphase

Answer 7

sister chromatids separate and are drawn to opposite poles by spindle fibers

Question 8

Telophase

Answer 8

chromosomes have reached poles of a cell, spindle disperses, nuclear envelope surrounds chromosomes, chromosomes becomes diffuse, nucleolus forms

Question 9

Chromosome

Answer 9

a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism

Question 10

Chromatid

Answer 10

one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which is generally joined to the other copy by a single centromere

Question 11

Centromere

Answer 11

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

Question 12

Crossing Over

Answer 12

homologous pairs exchange genetic information (chromosomes with combinations of maternal and paternal traits)

Question 13

Spindle

Answer 13

a group of parallel threads stretching across the cell between its two ends (poles), where they connect to each pole at the centriole

Question 14

Homologous Pair

Answer 14

diploids have pairs of chromosomes, each homologous pair is genetically matched so that the genes are arranged in the same order

Question 15

Meiosis I

Answer 15

reduction division, separation of homologous chromosomes into two different nuclei, chromosome number reduced to haploid, crossing over occurs

Question 16

Meiosis II

Answer 16

equational division, duplicated chromosomes separate, no change in chromosome number

Question 17

Three Sources of Genetic Variation Related to Sexual Reproduction

Answer 17

alleles come from two parents, crossing over, reassortment of homologues

Question 18

Cell Type at Start (Mitosis)

Answer 18

diploid

Question 19

Cell Type at End (Mitosis)

Answer 19

diploid

Question 20

Are Products Identical? (Mitosis)

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

Number of Chromosome Duplications Prior to (Mitosis)

Answer 21

one

Question 22

Pairing of Homologues (Mitosis)

Answer 22

no

Question 23

Crossing Over (Mitosis)

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Number of Chromosome Divisions (Mitosis)

Answer 24

one

Question 25

Cell Type at Start (Meiosis)

Answer 25

diploid

Question 26

Cell Type at end (Meiosis)

Answer 26

haploid

Question 27

Are Products Identical? (Meiosis)

Answer 27

no

Question 28

Number of Chromosome Duplications Prior to (Meiosis)

Answer 28

four

Question 29

Pairing of Homologues (Meiosis)

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

Crossing Over (Meiosis)

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

Number of Chromosome Divisions (Meiosis)

Answer 31

two

Question 32

Haploid

Answer 32

one set of chromosomes (n)

Question 33

Diploid

Answer 33

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 34

Sister Chromatids

Answer 34

two identical chromatids attached at a centromere

Question 35

Non-Sister Chromatids

Answer 35

either of the two chromatids of any of the paired homologous chromosomes (a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome)- exchange genetic material during meiosis

Question 36

Synapsis

Answer 36

pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis

Question 37

Chiasma(ta)

Answer 37

the point where two homologous chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis- sister chromatids form chiasmata, non-sister chromatids for chiasma

Question 38

Sperm Production

Answer 38

equal divisions of cytoplasm, four function products per meiosis

Question 39

Egg Production

Answer 39

unequal divisions of cytoplasm, small polar bodies formed, one functional product per meiosis

Question 40

Bulbourethral Gland

Answer 40

mucus secretion, movement of sperm

Question 41

Epididymis

Answer 41

7-meter-long coiled tube, stores sperm for up to three months

Question 42

Penis

Answer 42

has three columns of tissue that can become engorged with blood and lead to an erection

Question 43

Prostate Gland

Answer 43

contributes alkaline fluide to neutralize acidic female reproductive tract

Question 44

Scrotum

Answer 44

sac containing the two testes

Question 45

Seminal Vesicle

Answer 45

makes fructose (sperm energy), prostaglandins (local hormone, stimulates muscle contraction in women)

Question 46

Seminiferous Tubules

Answer 46

produces gametes

Question 47

Testes

Answer 47

site of sperm production

Question 48

Urethra

Answer 48

runs from the bladder, through the prostate, and out the shaft of the penis

Question 49

Vas Deferens

Answer 49

place where the sperm move through during intercourse

Question 50

Acrosome

Answer 50

contains enzymes that break down protective layers surrounding an egg

Question 51

Head

Answer 51

contains the nucleus with the DNA

Question 52

Middle Piece (body)

Answer 52

contains many energy-generating mitochondria

Question 53

Tail

Answer 53

flagellum which propels the sperm

Question 54

Ovary

Answer 54

where eggs are produced- diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid eggs

Question 55

Fallopian Tube

Answer 55

connects to the top of the uterus on both sids, ovulated oocyte moves through it

Question 56

Uterus

Answer 56

also called the womb, where an embryo develops throughout pregnancy

Question 57

Vagina

Answer 57

tube-like chamber into which sperm are released during intercourse

Question 58

Clitoris

Answer 58

provides pleasure

Question 59

Follicle

Answer 59

the small structure in which and egg will form

Question 60

Corpus Luteum

Answer 60

a yellowish mass composed of the follicular cells remaining in the ovary which secrete progesterone and estrogen

Question 61

GnRH

Answer 61

from hypothalamus, stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH

Question 62

FSH

Answer 62

follicle stimulating hormone, influences follicle maturation, egg is developed within follicle

Question 63

LH

Answer 63

luteinizing hormone, stimulates ovulation

Question 64

Testosterone

Answer 64

stimulates sperm production

Question 65

Estrogen

Answer 65

causes the regeneration of the endometrium, when estrogen levels drop, the pituitary releases FSH

Question 66

Progesterone

Answer 66

thickens the endometrium (lining of the uterus) in preparation for a embryo

Question 67

Ovulation

Answer 67

Triggered by a sudden ovulatory surge of LH (which ruptures the dominant follicle), the cell (oocyte) that will become the egg is released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity

Question 68

Fertilization

Answer 68

the process that fuses an ovum with a sperm, eventually leading to the development of an embryo

Question 69

Implantation

Answer 69

the very early stage of pregnancy at which the conceptus (blastocyst) adheres to the wall of the uterus