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Biology 3 > FINAL- Cumulative > Flashcards

FINAL- Cumulative Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

proposed explanation for observed phenomenon or question that can be tested

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2
Q

Theory

A

supported by such a wide body of evidence that it is scientifically accepted as a factual
framework.

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3
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit that has characteristic properties of the element

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4
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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5
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

positively charged, acidic

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6
Q

Hydroxyl Ion

A

negatively charged, basi

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7
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms share electrons

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

covalently bound hydrogen is attracted to another atom *weakest

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9
Q

Fatty Acids

A

predominately nonpolar molecules consisting of a long chain of carbons with an oxygen and a hydroxyl group at one end, form the tail region of triglyceride fat molecules

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10
Q

Amino Acids

A

biologically important organic compounds composed of amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, an “alpha” carbon, and a side-chain (R-group) specific to each amino acid

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11
Q

Sugars

A

monomer unit of carbohydrates

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12
Q

Nucleotides

A

composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group, serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

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13
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

removal of water to add monomer units

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

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15
Q

Mitochindrion

A

produces energy by breaking down organic molecules, found in all eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis (uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists)

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

carrier of genetic material (DNA+ protein=chromatin), governs cell activities, directs cell reproduction

- surrounded by membrane called nuclear envelope
- contains nucleolus- produces ribosomes
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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes (biological catalyst), ribosomes, and organelles in eukaryotes

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

boundary surrounding the cell

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20
Q

Cell Wall

A

controls cell shape, protects, supports, made of carbohydrates

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

a biological catalyst specific for the reactants (substrates) in the reactions they catalyze
-speed up biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy for the reaction

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22
Q

Substrate

A

the molecule acted upon by an enzyme

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23
Q

Product

A

a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

-the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products

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25
Cellular Respiration
starts with glucose and ends with CO2 and water, occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
26
Photosynthesis
uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists
27
Phototsynthesis
starts with CO2, ends with glucose, occurs in chloroplast
28
ADP
adenosine diphosphate, energy carrier
29
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier
30
Mitosis
nuclear division retaining the original chromosome number
31
Meiosis
nuclear division reducing the chromosome number, leading to sperm or eggs
32
Haploid
one set of chromosomes (n)
33
Diploid
two sets of chromosomes (2n)
34
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, double-stranded
35
RNA
ribonucleic acid, single-stranded
36
Proteins
structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions- enzymes, growth and repair, communication (protein hormones, cell receptors), energy source
37
DNA Replication
DNA chains separate, each chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chain, each new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chain
38
RNA Transcription
DNA chains separate, one DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain, RNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helix
39
Protein Translation
at the ribosome, codons in mRNA are recognized by tRNA anticodons to place amino acids in the specific sequence specified by the DNA
40
Codon
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
41
Anticodon
region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA
42
Restriction Enzyme
chop up DNA from donor species that exhibits a trait of interest
43
Probe
sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization
44
RFLP Ananlysis
use of a probe to identify specific DNA fragments derived from specific enzyme digestion, shows variation in sizes of fragments between different individuals
45
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
amplifies small samples of DNA into more useful quantities
46
Allele
alternate form of a gene
47
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, gives rise to a physical trait
48
Autosomal Inheritance
an inherited trait that affects both males and females equally
49
Sex-Linked Traits
Gender is determined by the sperm- females donate one X chromosome and males donate either an X or a Y chromosome which determines the sex of the child - Males carry only one copy of genes on the X chromosome but females carry two copies, therefore their sex-linked traits have a greater influence on male children - Fathers’ traits only affect female children
50
Pleiotropic Effects (Pleiotrophy)
one gene effects many traits
51
Polygenic Inheritance
many genes affect one trait
52
Directional Selection
increases one extreme
53
Stabilizing Selection
eliminates both extremes
54
Disruptive Selection
increases both extremes
55
Coevolution
species adjust together to maintain relationship
56
Convergent Evolution
similar phenotypes arise in unrelated species as a result of environmental similarities
57
Divergent Evolution
different phenotypes arise as related species encounter environmental similarities
58
Microevolution
change within a population or species
59
Macroevolution
change to a new population or species
60
Allopatric Speciation
occurs a result of geographical isolation, one group separates from the population, separate evolutionary pressures cause different genetic changes in both groups, most common mechanism
61
Sympatric Speciation
occurs in the same location, due to ecological isolation or polyploidy
62
Batesian Mimicry
a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
63
Mullerian Mimicry
two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals
64
Heterotrophic
an organism that consumes other organisms (autotrophs) because it cannot synthesize food on it’s own
65
Autotrophic
an organism that synthesizes its own food, does not consume other organisms
66
Chemoorganothrophs
use organic compounds for chemical energy and sources of carbon, heterotrophic, largest group of prokaryotes, including disease-causing bacteria
67
Chemolithotrophs
use inorganic compounds for chemical energy, autotrophic, iron-oxidizing bacteria
68
Photoautotrophs
use CO2 and H2O, release O2
69
Photoheterotrophs
use carbon from organic compounds, do not release O2
70
Mycelium
network of filaments
71
Hypha
individual filaments
72
Phylum Arthropoda
bilateral symmetry, coelomate, three tissue layers, distinct body regions- head, thorax, abdomen, “joint-footed,” exoskeleton- moved at joints by muscles, open circulatory system, complex nervous system- compound eye, efficient gas exchange system
73
Phylum Chordata
bilateral symmetry, coelomate, deuterostome, three tissue layers, four common features- notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
74
Sporophyte
produces spores my meiosis
75
Gametophyte
produces spores by mitosis
76
Stamen
produce pollen in anther
77
Pistil (Carpel)
produce ovule in ovary
78
Mosses
non-vascular (no fluid-conducting vascular system), enclosed reproductive structures, require moist environments
79
Angiosperms
vascular plants with flowers and fruit, broad waterproof leaves, greatly reduced gametophyte (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg), many have animal pollinators and seed distributors, some use wind, seed contains diploid embryo, largest number of species (250,000)
80
Pappus
propellor-like structure on a plant for seed dispersal
81
Seed Wing
wing-like structures which aid in dispersal of seeds
82
Left Ventricle
pumps blood to the rest of the body (not the lungs)
83
Right Ventricle
pumps blood only to the lungs
84
Red Blood Cells
carry oxygen
85
White Blood Cells
defend against invaders
86
Platelets
initiate blood clots
87
Macrophages
engulf invaders
88
B Cells
humoral immunity
89
T Cells
cell-mediated immunity
90
Antigen
molecules on the invader that are recognized by the immune system
91
Antibody
protein that recognizes antigens
92
Order of Vertebrae (from neck down)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar

Biology 3 (27 decks)

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