Unit 3: Basal Ganglia

Question 1

L1: Basal ganglia lesions result in ___-lateral deficits.

Answer 1

Contralateral

Question 2

L1: Deep brain stimulation induces release of ______ from local neurons.

Answer 2

GABA

Question 3

L1: Dopamine release into the striatum strengthens pathways that correctly predict ______ between expected/actual rewards.

Answer 3

mismatch

Question 4

L1: Neurons in the ______ supply input to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area regarding the predictions of rewards

Answer 4

striatum

Question 5

L1: The major input nuclei for the basal ganglia

Answer 5

Caudate and putamen

Question 6

L1: The output of the basal ganglia

Answer 6

Globus pallidus internus (GPi) (also some substantia nigra pars reticulata)

Question 7

L1: Under resting circumstances, ______ neurons spontaneously fire.

Answer 7

globus pallidus interna

Question 8

L1: What pathology? Flailing movements of the arm and leg unilaterally (following small stroke of posterior cerebral artery ganglionic branch)

Answer 8

Hemiballismus

Question 9

L1: Which pathology? Athetosis and chorea

Answer 9

Huntington’s Disease

Question 10

L1: Which pathology? Damage of the striatum

Answer 10

Huntington’s Disease

Question 11

L1: Which pathology? Difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement

Answer 11

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 12

L1: Which pathology? Increased tone due to simultaneous activation of flexors and extensors

Answer 12

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 13

L1: Which pathology? Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

Answer 13

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 14

L1: Which pathology? Minimal change in facial expression

Answer 14

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 15

L1: Which pathology? Pill-rolling tremor

Answer 15

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 16

L2: _____ act as comparators for when actual rewards and expected rewards are both present

Answer 16

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 17

L2: Activation of striatal neurons results in downstream _______ of thalamic neurons

Answer 17

activation (disinhibition)

Question 18

L2: Cells in the caudate/putamen supply _____ input to cells in the globus pallidus interna

Answer 18

inhibitory

Question 19

L2: Cells in the globus pallidus interna supply _____ input to cells in the thalamus

Answer 19

inhibitory

Question 20

L2: Cerebral cortex cells supply _____ input to the striatum.

Answer 20

excitatory

Question 21

L2: Cholinergic interneurons and medium spiny neurons, which are destroyed in ________, normally supply ______ input to striatal neurons.

Answer 21

Huntington’s Disease; inhibitory

Question 22

L2: DBS in Parkinson’s disease is used to stimulate the ________.

Answer 22

globus pallidus internus or subthalamic nucleus

Question 23

L2: In hemiballismus, damage to the _______ results in ______ excitatory input to the globus pallidus

Answer 23

subthalamic nucleus; decreased

Question 24

L2: Main basal ganglia circuit: Cortex > ______ > _____ > _____ > Cortex

Answer 24

striatum; globus pallidus internus; thalamus

Question 25

L2: Pathways passing through the caudate generally pass through the _____ thalamus to provide input to the association cortex

Answer 25

DM

Question 26

L2: Pathways passing through the putamen generally pass through the _____ thalamus to provide input to the motor cortex

Answer 26

VA (some VL)

Question 27

L2: Striatal neurons expressing __ receptors project directly to the globus pallidus internus with dopamine providing ______ input

Answer 27

D1; excitatory

Question 28

L2: Striatal neurons expressing __ receptors project to the globus pallidus externus with dopamine providing ______ input.

Answer 28

inhibitory

Question 29

L2: Striatal neurons supply _____ input to the substantia nigra.

Answer 29

inhibitory

Question 30

L2: Substantia nigra pars compacta neurons result in ________ in the striatum

Answer 30

Diffuse release of dopamine

Question 31

L2: The ____ of the striatum is involved in cognitive or affective processes

Answer 31

caudate

Question 32

L2: The _____ of the striatum is involved in discrete movements

Answer 32

putamen