Flashcards in Unit 3: Basal Ganglia Deck (32):
1
L1: Basal ganglia lesions result in ___-lateral deficits.
Contralateral
2
L1: Deep brain stimulation induces release of ______ from local neurons.
GABA
3
L1: Dopamine release into the striatum strengthens pathways that correctly predict ______ between expected/actual rewards.
mismatch
4
L1: Neurons in the ______ supply input to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area regarding the predictions of rewards
striatum
5
L1: The major input nuclei for the basal ganglia
Caudate and putamen
6
L1: The output of the basal ganglia
Globus pallidus internus (GPi) (also some substantia nigra pars reticulata)
7
L1: Under resting circumstances, ______ neurons spontaneously fire.
globus pallidus interna
8
L1: What pathology? Flailing movements of the arm and leg unilaterally (following small stroke of posterior cerebral artery ganglionic branch)
Hemiballismus
9
L1: Which pathology? Athetosis and chorea
Huntington's Disease
10
L1: Which pathology? Damage of the striatum
Huntington's Disease
11
L1: Which pathology? Difficulty in initiating movements and slowness of movement
Parkinson's Disease
12
L1: Which pathology? Increased tone due to simultaneous activation of flexors and extensors
Parkinson's Disease
13
L1: Which pathology? Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra
Parkinson's Disease
14
L1: Which pathology? Minimal change in facial expression
Parkinson's Disease
15
L1: Which pathology? Pill-rolling tremor
Parkinson's Disease
16
L2: _____ act as comparators for when actual rewards and expected rewards are both present
Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)
17
L2: Activation of striatal neurons results in downstream _______ of thalamic neurons
activation (disinhibition)
18
L2: Cells in the caudate/putamen supply _____ input to cells in the globus pallidus interna
inhibitory
19
L2: Cells in the globus pallidus interna supply _____ input to cells in the thalamus
inhibitory
20
L2: Cerebral cortex cells supply _____ input to the striatum.
excitatory
21
L2: Cholinergic interneurons and medium spiny neurons, which are destroyed in ________, normally supply ______ input to striatal neurons.
Huntington's Disease; inhibitory
22
L2: DBS in Parkinson's disease is used to stimulate the ________.
globus pallidus internus or subthalamic nucleus
23
L2: In hemiballismus, damage to the _______ results in ______ excitatory input to the globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus; decreased
24
L2: Main basal ganglia circuit: Cortex > ______ > _____ > _____ > Cortex
striatum; globus pallidus internus; thalamus
25
L2: Pathways passing through the caudate generally pass through the _____ thalamus to provide input to the association cortex
DM
26
L2: Pathways passing through the putamen generally pass through the _____ thalamus to provide input to the motor cortex
VA (some VL)
27
L2: Striatal neurons expressing __ receptors project directly to the globus pallidus internus with dopamine providing ______ input
D1; excitatory
28
L2: Striatal neurons expressing __ receptors project to the globus pallidus externus with dopamine providing ______ input.
inhibitory
29
L2: Striatal neurons supply _____ input to the substantia nigra.
inhibitory
30
L2: Substantia nigra pars compacta neurons result in ________ in the striatum
Diffuse release of dopamine
31
L2: The ____ of the striatum is involved in cognitive or affective processes
caudate
32