Flashcards in Unit 1: Nervous System Embryology Deck (69):
1
L1: _____ migration: use of glial cells to climb the ladder and form the characteristic inside-out pattern of the cerebral cortex
Radial
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L1: A crease forms in the neural plate, resulting in the neural _____.
Groove
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L1: A neuron leaves the cell cycle and differentiates following a/an _______ division.
asymmetric
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L1: An asymmetric division in the ventricular zone occurs in a ______ orientation with respect to the ventricular surface.
parallel
5
L1: During the M phase, primitive neurons are located _______.
Medially/deep
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L1: NT-3, BDNF, and NGF are examples of ______.
Neurotrophins
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L1: The rhomboencephalon can be divided into 8 _______, which differ in expression of Hox genes.
rhombomeres
8
L1: The third and fourth ventricle communicate via the ______.
Cerebral Aqueduct
9
L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in DCX, a gene involved in microtubule polymerization, which leads to impaired neuronal migration
Double Cortex Syndrome
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L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in LIS1, a gene involved in regulation of microtubule cytoskeletal function, which leads to impaired neuronal migration
Lissencephaly Type 1
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L2: _____ are ____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate attraction and repulsion.
Netrins; long
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L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons migrating from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb
Chain
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L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons moving from the lateral ganglionic eminence to the cortex
Tangential
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L2: _______ interact with receptors of the ____ family and are important in facilitating neuronal survival.
Neurotrophins; Trk
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L2: ________ are short and long-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.
Semaphorins; repulsion
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L2: ________ on the presynpatic membrane interact with ______ on the postsynaptic membrane to facilitate alignment of a synapse.
Neuroexins; neuroligins
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L2: BMPs are secreted by the _______, resulting in a high concentration in the _____ portion of the neural tube.
Lateral ectoderm; dorsal
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L2: Cadherins, CAMs, and many ECF components are classified as _____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate _______.
Short; attraction
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L2: Dorsal cells that develop into sensory neurons comprise the _____ plate.
alar
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L2: During ______ neurulation, cells at the caudal end develop vacuoles and make contact with the central canal of the neural tube, creating the ________.
Conus medullaris/filum terminale
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L2: During ______ neurulation, the notochord releases ___ to induce development of the ________.
Primary; Shh; neural plate
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L2: During the S phase, primitive neurons are located _______.
Laterally/superficially
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L2: Ephrins and tenascin are classified as ______-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.
Short; repulsion
24
L2: In embryonic stages, intracellular chloride levels are _______, causing GABA stimulation to be _______.
increased; excitatory
25
L2: In the ______, neuronal migration occurs opposite of the cerebral cortex, resulting in an outside-in pattern.
Retina
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L2: MeCP2 mutations on the ____ chromosome affect the process of _______ and give rise to ______.
X; transcription; Rett Syndrome
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L2: Myelination occurs first in the ______.
periphery
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L2: Neural crest cells arise between the _____ and the ______.
Neurectoderm, Epidermis
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L2: Neurogenesis occurs in an adult brain in the __________.
dentate gyrus; subventricular zone
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L2: Reelin is normally secreted by _______ cells and facilitates the ______ stage of migration
Cajal-Retzius cells; termination
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L2: Shh is secreted by the ______, resulting in a high concentration in the ______ portion of the neural tube
Notochord; ventral
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L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to pigment cells.
dorsal
33
L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to sensory, autonomic, and enteric ganglia
ventral
34
L2: The ________ separates the ventral and alar plates of the spinal cord
sulcus limitans
35
L2: The birthdate of a neuron is defined as when ____________.
it undergoes a final round of replication
36
L2: The dentate gyrus gives rise to ________.
Hippocampal neurons
37
L2: The fourth ventricule communicates with the subarachnoid space via the _____.
Foramina of Luschka (2), Foramen of Magendie
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L2: The metencephalon is located ______ to the myelencephalon
rostral
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L2: The myelencephalon is located ______ to the metencephalon
caudal
40
L2: The prosencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.
3; Telencephalon (2), Diencephalon
41
L2: The rhombencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.
2; Myelencephalon, Metencephalon
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L2: The subventricular zone gives rise to _______.
Olfactory neurons
43
L2: The telencephalic vesicles are located ______ to the diencephalon.
rostral
44
L2: The third ventricle communicates with the lateral ventricles via the _______.
Foramina of Munro
45
L2: Until age two, the cerebellum may receive new cells via secondary neurogenesis occuring in the _______.
External granule layer
46
L2: Ventral cells that develop into motor neurons comprise the _____ plate.
basal
47
L2: What pathologic process? Neurons pile up in an outside-in orientation in the cortex, leading to a reeling gait
Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)
48
L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutated Filamin A (FLNA), an actin-crosslinking protein, which leads to impaired initiation of neuronal migration
Periventricular Heteroptopia
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L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutations in reelin (reeler gene), which is involved in termination of migration
Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)
50
L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy
Lissencephaly Type 1
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L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy in males
Double Cortex Syndrome
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L2: What pathologic process? Smoothened surface of the cerebral cortex with epilepsy, mild intellectual deficitis, and subcortical band heterotopia in females
Double Cortex Syndrome
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L2: What pathologic process? X-linked dominant disorder that is fatal in males and results in epilepsy in females.
Periventricular Heteroptopia
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L2: When neural crest cells reach their end destination, ______ are expressed.
Cadherins
55
L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebellum
Metencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral Aqueduct
Mesencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral hemisphere
Telencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Fourth ventricle
rhombencephaloc
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Hypothalamus
Diencephalic
60
L2: Which primitive vesicle? Lateral ventricle
Telencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Medulla
Myelencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Pons
Metencephalic
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L2: Which primitive vesicle? Thalamus
Diencephalic
64
L2: Which primitive vesicle? Third ventricle
Diencephalic
65
L2:At the rostral end of the neural tube, three primary cerebral vesicles form: _______.
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
66
L3: ______ mutations leads to improved stability of a protein involved in internalization of AMPA receptors; resulting in _______.
UBE3a; Angelman Syndrome
67
L3: _______ are cells that are only innervated by a single neuron in a developed nervous system
Muscle fibers, Purkinje cells (cerebellum)
68
L3: Name three regions of secondary neurogenesis.
External granule layer, subventricular zone, dentate gyrus
69