Unit 1: Nervous System Embryology

Question 1

L1: _____ migration: use of glial cells to climb the ladder and form the characteristic inside-out pattern of the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

Radial

Question 2

L1: A crease forms in the neural plate, resulting in the neural _____.

Answer 2

Groove

Question 3

L1: A neuron leaves the cell cycle and differentiates following a/an _______ division.

Answer 3

asymmetric

Question 4

L1: An asymmetric division in the ventricular zone occurs in a ______ orientation with respect to the ventricular surface.

Answer 4

parallel

Question 5

L1: During the M phase, primitive neurons are located _______.

Answer 5

Medially/deep

Question 6

L1: NT-3, BDNF, and NGF are examples of ______.

Answer 6

Neurotrophins

Question 7

L1: The rhomboencephalon can be divided into 8 _______, which differ in expression of Hox genes.

Answer 7

rhombomeres

Question 8

L1: The third and fourth ventricle communicate via the ______.

Answer 8

Cerebral Aqueduct

Question 9

L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in DCX, a gene involved in microtubule polymerization, which leads to impaired neuronal migration

Answer 9

Double Cortex Syndrome

Question 10

L1: What pathologic process? Results from a mutation in LIS1, a gene involved in regulation of microtubule cytoskeletal function, which leads to impaired neuronal migration

Answer 10

Lissencephaly Type 1

Question 11

L2: _____ are ____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate attraction and repulsion.

Answer 11

Netrins; long

Question 12

L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons migrating from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb

Answer 12

Chain

Question 13

L2: _____ migration: seen in neurons moving from the lateral ganglionic eminence to the cortex

Answer 13

Tangential

Question 14

L2: _______ interact with receptors of the ____ family and are important in facilitating neuronal survival.

Answer 14

Neurotrophins; Trk

Question 15

L2: ________ are short and long-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.

Answer 15

Semaphorins; repulsion

Question 16

L2: ________ on the presynpatic membrane interact with ______ on the postsynaptic membrane to facilitate alignment of a synapse.

Answer 16

Neuroexins; neuroligins

Question 17

L2: BMPs are secreted by the _______, resulting in a high concentration in the _____ portion of the neural tube.

Answer 17

Lateral ectoderm; dorsal

Question 18

L2: Cadherins, CAMs, and many ECF components are classified as _____-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate _______.

Answer 18

Short; attraction

Question 19

L2: Dorsal cells that develop into sensory neurons comprise the _____ plate.

Answer 19

alar

Question 20

L2: During ______ neurulation, cells at the caudal end develop vacuoles and make contact with the central canal of the neural tube, creating the ________.

Answer 20

Conus medullaris/filum terminale

Question 21

L2: During ______ neurulation, the notochord releases ___ to induce development of the ________.

Answer 21

Primary; Shh; neural plate

Question 22

L2: During the S phase, primitive neurons are located _______.

Answer 22

Laterally/superficially

Question 23

L2: Ephrins and tenascin are classified as ______-range axon guidance molecules that can facilitate ______.

Answer 23

Short; repulsion

Question 24

L2: In embryonic stages, intracellular chloride levels are _______, causing GABA stimulation to be _______.

Answer 24

increased; excitatory

Question 25

L2: In the ______, neuronal migration occurs opposite of the cerebral cortex, resulting in an outside-in pattern.

Answer 25

Retina

Question 26

L2: MeCP2 mutations on the ____ chromosome affect the process of _______ and give rise to ______.

Answer 26

X; transcription; Rett Syndrome

Question 27

L2: Myelination occurs first in the ______.

Answer 27

periphery

Question 28

L2: Neural crest cells arise between the _____ and the ______.

Answer 28

Neurectoderm, Epidermis

Question 29

L2: Neurogenesis occurs in an adult brain in the __________.

Answer 29

dentate gyrus; subventricular zone

Question 30

L2: Reelin is normally secreted by _______ cells and facilitates the ______ stage of migration

Answer 30

Cajal-Retzius cells; termination

Question 31

L2: Shh is secreted by the ______, resulting in a high concentration in the ______ portion of the neural tube

Answer 31

Notochord; ventral

Question 32

L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to pigment cells.

Answer 32

dorsal

Question 33

L2: The ____ stream of neural crest cells gives rise to sensory, autonomic, and enteric ganglia

Answer 33

ventral

Question 34

L2: The ________ separates the ventral and alar plates of the spinal cord

Answer 34

sulcus limitans

Question 35

L2: The birthdate of a neuron is defined as when ____________.

Answer 35

it undergoes a final round of replication

Question 36

L2: The dentate gyrus gives rise to ________.

Answer 36

Hippocampal neurons

Question 37

L2: The fourth ventricule communicates with the subarachnoid space via the _____.

Answer 37

Foramina of Luschka (2), Foramen of Magendie

Question 38

L2: The metencephalon is located ______ to the myelencephalon

Answer 38

rostral

Question 39

L2: The myelencephalon is located ______ to the metencephalon

Answer 39

caudal

Question 40

L2: The prosencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.

Answer 40

3; Telencephalon (2), Diencephalon

Question 41

L2: The rhombencephalon divides into __ vesicles: ________.

Answer 41

2; Myelencephalon, Metencephalon

Question 42

L2: The subventricular zone gives rise to _______.

Answer 42

Olfactory neurons

Question 43

L2: The telencephalic vesicles are located ______ to the diencephalon.

Answer 43

rostral

Question 44

L2: The third ventricle communicates with the lateral ventricles via the _______.

Answer 44

Foramina of Munro

Question 45

L2: Until age two, the cerebellum may receive new cells via secondary neurogenesis occuring in the _______.

Answer 45

External granule layer

Question 46

L2: Ventral cells that develop into motor neurons comprise the _____ plate.

Answer 46

basal

Question 47

L2: What pathologic process? Neurons pile up in an outside-in orientation in the cortex, leading to a reeling gait

Answer 47

Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)

Question 48

L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutated Filamin A (FLNA), an actin-crosslinking protein, which leads to impaired initiation of neuronal migration

Answer 48

Periventricular Heteroptopia

Question 49

L2: What pathologic process? Results from mutations in reelin (reeler gene), which is involved in termination of migration

Answer 49

Lissencephaly with Cerebellar Hypoplasia (LCH)

Question 50

L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy

Answer 50

Lissencephaly Type 1

Question 51

L2: What pathologic process? Severe mental retardation and epilepsy in males

Answer 51

Double Cortex Syndrome

Question 52

L2: What pathologic process? Smoothened surface of the cerebral cortex with epilepsy, mild intellectual deficitis, and subcortical band heterotopia in females

Answer 52

Double Cortex Syndrome

Question 53

L2: What pathologic process? X-linked dominant disorder that is fatal in males and results in epilepsy in females.

Answer 53

Periventricular Heteroptopia

Question 54

L2: When neural crest cells reach their end destination, ______ are expressed.

Answer 54

Cadherins

Question 55

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebellum

Answer 55

Metencephalic

Question 56

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral Aqueduct

Answer 56

Mesencephalic

Question 57

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Cerebral hemisphere

Answer 57

Telencephalic

Question 58

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Fourth ventricle

Answer 58

rhombencephaloc

Question 59

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Hypothalamus

Answer 59

Diencephalic

Question 60

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Lateral ventricle

Answer 60

Telencephalic

Question 61

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Medulla

Answer 61

Myelencephalic

Question 62

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Pons

Answer 62

Metencephalic

Question 63

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Thalamus

Answer 63

Diencephalic

Question 64

L2: Which primitive vesicle? Third ventricle

Answer 64

Diencephalic

Question 65

L2:At the rostral end of the neural tube, three primary cerebral vesicles form: _______.

Answer 65

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Question 66

L3: ______ mutations leads to improved stability of a protein involved in internalization of AMPA receptors; resulting in _______.

Answer 66

UBE3a; Angelman Syndrome

Question 67

L3: _______ are cells that are only innervated by a single neuron in a developed nervous system

Answer 67

Muscle fibers, Purkinje cells (cerebellum)

Question 68

L3: Name three regions of secondary neurogenesis.

Answer 68

External granule layer, subventricular zone, dentate gyrus

Question 69

L4: Name the layers/zones in order starting closest to the ventricular zone.

Answer 69

Subplate, intermediate zone, cortical plate, marginal zone