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Anatomy term 2 > Visual pathways > Flashcards

Visual pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reflex pathways in the eye? (2)

A
  1. pupillary light reflex

2. accommodation reflex

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2
Q

NOTE

A

be able to label a diagram of the eye

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3
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina? (2)

A
  1. non-neuronal - pigmented

2. neuronal - photoreceptors

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4
Q

NOTE - know the components of the retina

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. secondary ganglion cells
  3. primary bipolar cells - link photoreceptors to G.cells
  4. photo receptors
  5. pigmented epithelium
  6. interneuron - horizontal
  7. interneuron - amacrine
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5
Q

What does the amacrine interneurone do in the retina?

A

modulates ganglion cells activity

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6
Q

What does a horizontal interneuron do in the retina?

A

modulates transmission

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7
Q

Why does light have to pass through an array of cells before it reaches the retina?

A

to help reduce the intensity of the light passing towards the retina

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8
Q

Where does the visual pathway run from?

A

retina to cortex

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9
Q

How many neurons are in the chain in the visual pathway?

A

3

like all the others

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10
Q

What are the primary and secondary neurons in the retina outgrowths of?

A

outgrowth of the diencephalon

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11
Q

What cells are in the retina in a visual pathway?

A
  1. photoreceptor
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
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12
Q

Where do the axons of the ganglion cells run over and where to?

A

run over - retina

to - optic disk/blind spot

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13
Q

What does the secondary ganglion cells form?

A

optic nerve

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14
Q

Where does the optic nerve travel to in the visual pathway?

A

to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus

then via optic radiation to primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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15
Q

What cranial nerve number is the optic nerve?

A

CN II

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16
Q

What is the optic nerve an outgrowth of and hence what nervous system is it a part of and what surrounds it?

A

diencephalon

CNS

surrounded by meninges which goes up to the eyeball

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17
Q

What is the blood supply to the eye?

A

central retinal artery and vein

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18
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

rise in CSF pressure

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19
Q

Which foramen does the optic nerve pass through?

A

optic canal

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20
Q

What does the optic nerve take with it and what does it form in the eyeball?

A

takes a layer of dura

forms the sclera

21
Q

What is the CNS an extension of which meninges?

A

extension of pia mater

22
Q

What are the symptoms of papilloedema? (4)

A
  1. headaches
  2. drowsiness
  3. blurred vision
  4. vomitting
23
Q

What does the increase pressure in papilloedema compress and what does this prevent and cause?

A

compress - central retinal vein

prevents - venous drainage from the eye

cause - swelling of the optic disk

24
Q

NOTE - learn the components of the visual pathway - retina to cortex (7)

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. retina
  3. optic chiasma
  4. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  5. optic radiation
  6. primary visual cortex
  7. optic tract
25
NOTE- know the cerebral topography
Lateral aspect of brain 1. visual cortex 2. visual association Medial aspect of the brain 1. calcarine sulcus 2. visual association
26
Where does the striate cortex lie in relation to the calcimine sulcus?
1. above and below the calcarine sulcus
27
Does the nasal part of the retina send information contra laterally or ipsilaterally?
contralaterally
28
Does the temporal part of the retina send information contra laterally or ipsilaterally?
ipsilaterally
29
Where does information from the nasal part and the temporal part first get sent to?
LGN - lateral geniculate nucleus
30
NOTE
draw out visual pathway
31
Where does the left half of the visual field go?
right hemisphere
32
Where does the right half of the visual field go?
left hemisphere
33
Where does the upper visual field go?
lower bank of the calcarine sulcus
34
Where does the lower visual field go?
upper bank of the calcarine sulcus
35
Where does the centre of visual axis (macula) go to?
occipital pole
36
In terms of optic radiation, how do fibres of the LGN pass to the upper and lower banks of the calcimine sulcus and what can this allow - give an example?
via different pathways allows prediction of deficits of vision e.g. Meyers loop
37
What is scotoma?
localised patch of blindness
38
What is anopia?
refers to the loss of one or more quadrants of the visual field
39
What is hemianopia?
half of the visual field is lost
40
What is quadrantanopia?
quarter of the visual field is lost
41
What is homonymous?
visual field losses are similar for both sides
42
What does it mean by heteronymous?
visual field losses are different sides
43
Do all optic tracts go to the LGN?
no - 10% take a medial root to the pre-tactal area - midbrain
44
What is the pupillary light reflex?
ability of both pupils to respond (constrict or dilate) dependent on the level of light the retina receives
45
What 2 cranial nerves does the pupillary light reflex use and star whether they are afferent or efferent?
1. optic nerve - afferent root | 2. oculomotor nerve - efferent root
46
What are the 2 components of the pupillary light reflex?
1. direct component - light in on eye and the same pupil constricts 2. consensual component - light in one eye other pupil constricts
47
What nucleus does the pupillary light reflex concern?
Edinger- Westphal nucleus
48
NOTE
understand the pupillary light reflex
49
NOTE
understand visual defects

Anatomy term 2 (25 decks)

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