03 Principles, Processes, and Concepts / 03.03 Positive, Negative, Conditioned, and Unconditioned Reinforcement

Question 1

Positive punishment occurs when
a stimulus removed contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.
data indicate that a negative reinforcement procedure is effective.
a positive stimulus is removed contingent upon behavior.
a stimulus presented contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Answer 1

a stimulus presented contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Question 2

Which decreases behavior?
	negative punishment
	positive punishment
	type I punishment
	(all of the others)

Answer 2

all others

Question 3

Which is a primary reinforcer?
	art
	reading
	processed foods
	(all of the others)

Answer 3

processed foods

Question 4

Reinforcers that have to be learned are
	unconditioned reinforcers.
	conditioned reinforcers.
	positive reinforcers.
	primary reinforcers.

Answer 4

conditioned reinforcers.

Question 5

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are
exemplified by subway token systems whereby commuters purchase rides with tokens.
the same as secondary reinforcers.
exemplified by classroom token systems whereby students purchase from a “store.”
(all of the others)

Answer 5

exemplified by classroom token systems whereby students purchase from a “store.”

Generalized reinforcers are associated with a variety of reinforcers, such as a token or point system in which tokens could be exchanged for a variety of things. (Alberto & Troutman, 2003 p. 298; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, p. 270)

Question 6

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are
	backed up by primary reinforcers only.
	exemplified by money.
	the same as unconditioned reinforcers.
	(all of the others)

Answer 6

exemplified by money.

can be backup by primary and secondary reinforcers

Question 7

Punishment always involves
the removal of a favored stimulus.
a decrease in the frequency of behavior or the presentation of a disliked stimulus.
a decrease in the frequency of behavior contingent upon a stimulus change.
(all of the others)

Answer 7

a decrease in the frequency of behavior contingent upon a stimulus change.

Question 8

Food is a/an
	learned reinforcer.
	automatic reinforcer.
	unlearned reinforcer.
	conditioned reinforcer.

Answer 8

unlearned reinforcer.

Question 9

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are
	the same as unconditioned reinforcers.
	backed up by primary reinforcers only.
	exemplified by money.
	(all of the others)

Answer 9

exemplified by money.

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are those that have been associated with various behaviors or access to backup reinforcers, which may be either primary or secondary reinforcers. Examples include money, tokens, points, smiles, and praise. (Alberto & Troutman, 2003, p. 298; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, p. 270)

Question 10

Sex is a/an
	primary reinforcer.
	unconditioned reinforcer.
	unlearned reinforcer.
	(all of the others)

Answer 10

all others

Question 11

Unconditioned reinforcer is synonymous with
unlearned reinforcer and positive reinforcer.
secondary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer.
primary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer.
primary reinforcer and positive reinforcer.

Answer 11

primary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer.

unconditioned reinforcer = unlearned reinforcer = primary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer = learned reinforcer = secondary reinforcer
(Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 1987, p. 26; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, pp. 38-39)

Question 12

Which best exemplifies an unconditioned reinforcer?
skin temperature change from 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 Celsius) to 70 degrees Fahrenhiet (21 Celsius)
a warm climate
skin temperature change from 75 degrees (24 Celsius) to 95 degrees (35 Celsius)
imagining being warm when you are cold

Answer 12

skin temperature change from 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 Celsius) to 70 degrees Fahrenhiet (21 Celsius)

Unconditioned, unlearned, or primary reinforcers are those that one is born with and are important to the survival of the organism. We are born with the capacity to be reinforced by behaviors that result in our skin temperature to approach approximately 72 degrees. (Alberto & Troutman, 2003, pp. 290-298; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, pp. 39-40)

Question 13

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are
more effective than primary reinforcers.
less effective than primary reinforcers.
less susceptible to satiation.
more susceptible to satiation.

Answer 13

less susceptible to satiation.

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are less vulnerable to satiation because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of reinforcers. Moreover, they are not necessarily more or less powerful than primary reinforcers. Are you more likely to do a homework assignment for a ham sandwich (primary reinforcer) or $100 (secondary reinforcer)? Unless you are starving, you will probably choose the latter. (Alberto & Troutman, 2003, p. 298)

Question 14

Generalized reinforcers
sometimes require a backup reinforcer.
are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
enable the same reinforcement to be given to individuals with different preferences.
(all of the others)

Answer 14

all others

Money is an example of a generalized reinforcer. People will use it to buy a variety of things. And because it could buy so many things, it is reinforcing for nearly everyone. Moreover, it maintains its value because it could be saved to purchase backup reinforcers at a later date. Some generalized reinforcers (e.g., praise) do not require backup reinforcement. (Alberto & Troutman, 2003, pp. 298-309; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, p. 270)

Question 15

Which is a primary reinforcer?
	the need to use the bathroom upon seeing flowing water
	the sensation of relieving the bladder
	opportunity to use the bathroom
	(all of the others)

Answer 15

the sensation of relieving the bladder

Question 16

Generalized conditioned reinforcers are
	exemplified by money.
	backed up by primary or secondary reinforcers.
	the same as generalized reinforcers.
	(all of the others)

Answer 16

all others

Question 17

Conditioned reinforcer is synonymous with
secondary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer.
primary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer.
learned reinforcer and secondary reinforcer.
primary reinforcer and positive reinforcer.

Answer 17

learned reinforcer and secondary reinforcer.

Question 18

Negative punishment occurs when
data indicate that a negative reinforcement procedure is effective.
a negative stimulus is removed contingent upon behavior.
a stimulus removed contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.
a stimulus presented contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Answer 18

a stimulus removed contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Question 19

A parent starts giving a child money every time he takes out the garbage. Taking out the garbage decreases. Giving the money represents
	positive punishment.
	positive reinforcement.
	negative punishment.
	negative reinforcement.

Answer 19

positive punishment

Question 20

Positive punishment occurs when
a positive stimulus is removed contingent upon behavior.
a stimulus presented contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.
data indicate that a negative reinforcement procedure is effective.
a stimulus removed contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Answer 20

a stimulus presented contingent upon behavior decreases the future probability of the behavior.

Question 21

Reinforcers that do not have to be learned are
	conditioned reinforcers.
	least effective.
	unconditioned reinforcers.
	positive reinforcers.

Answer 21

unconditioned

Question 22

Reinforcers that have to be learned are
	primary reinforcers.
	conditioned reinforcers.
	positive reinforcers.
	unconditioned reinforcers.

Answer 22

conditioned

Question 23

Positive punishment requires
presentation of a stimulus prior to a behavior.
presentation of a stimulus following behavior.
removal of a stimulus following behavior.
removal of a stimulus preceding a behavior.

Answer 23

presentation of a stimulus following behavior.

Question 24

Hitting decreases when removal of a toy is made contingent upon it. This exemplifies
	negative punishment.
	extinction.
	negative reinforcement.
	positive punishment.

Answer 24

neg punishment