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Human Systems and Anatomy > Anatomy Lab practicals > Flashcards

Anatomy Lab practicals Flashcards

1
Q

what comprises the pharygeal plexus

A

the vagus and the glossopharyngeal nerve

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2
Q

what fibres are present in the nerves that comprise the pharyngeal plexus

A

the vagus is sensory fibres and the glossopharyngeal is motor fibres

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3
Q

what vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus

A

the common carotid artery and the internal jugular veins

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4
Q

how do the pharyngeal constrictors differ in their muscular arrangement compared to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract

A

they have inner longitudinal and outer circular, rather than the other way around

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5
Q

what role do the pharyngeal constrictors perform

A

contraction of the pharynx

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6
Q

how would you test if the nerve supply of the pharyngeal constrictors was damaged

A

ask the patient to say ahhh because the same nerves supply the uvula

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7
Q

what is the benefit of the type of epithlium found on the oesophagus upper

A

allows for repeated trauma without any damage to the underlying structures

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8
Q

what is the type of epithelium found on the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium

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9
Q

what is found in the submucosa of the oesophagus

A

mucosal glands

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10
Q

describe the muscle layers in the muscularis externa of the oesophagus as you move through this structure from superior to inferior

A

striated muscle in the upper third which transitions to smooth in its lower third

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11
Q

what are the anatomical regions of the stomach

A

body, cardia, fundus and pyloric

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12
Q

what attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

the greater omentum which is a yellow fatty tissue

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13
Q

what is contained in the greater omentum attached the greater curvature of the stomach

A

lymphatics, adipose tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

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14
Q

what is the role of the greater omentum

A

encases infection to provide immunity

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14
Q

what forms the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

the diaphragm

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14
Q

how does the type of muscle vary throughout the length of the oesophagus

A

skeletal muscle at the top, mixed in the middle, smooth at the inferior

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15
Q

what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

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16
Q

what is the function of the temporalis muscle

A

elevation and retraction of the mandible

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17
Q

what is the nerve supply of the temporalis

A

deep temporal branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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18
Q

what is the function of the buccinator muscle

A

maintains food in the middle of the oral cavity

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19
Q

what is the nerve supply of the buccinator muscle

A

the buccal branch of the facial nerve

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20
Q

what is a common pathology that may result in the buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for the patient

A

strokes, can lead to drooling as the patient is not able to maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity

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21
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the masseter muscle

A

zygomatic arch and the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. inserts onto the angle and lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible

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22
Q

what is the function of masseter muscle

A

elevation and protrusion of the mandible

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23
Q

what is the nerve supply of the masseter

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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24
Q

what would you clinically test the integrity of the masseter

A

get the patient to clench their teeth; should feel the bulk and power of the muscle

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25
Q

how do the secretions of the parotid gland produce enter the oral cavity

A

they pass through the buccinator to open opposite the upper second molar

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26
Q

what nerve passes through the parotid gland

A

facial nerve

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27
Q

what type of secretions does the parotid produce

A

serous

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28
Q

what are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

the base of the skull and the soft palate

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29
Q

what types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube

A

tubal and pharyngeal tonsils

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30
Q

what does the auditory tube communicate with and why is this such a problematic site in children

A

the middle ear - it is shorter and straighter in children whcih makes easier access for ascending infections

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31
Q

what are the folds on the inner lining of the stomach called

A

rugae

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32
Q

what are the differences in cell types in the different regions of the stomach

A

cardia - mucous
body - parietal
pylorus - mucous

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33
Q

what is the material called when it is churned up in the stomach

A

chyme

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34
Q

what are the divisions of the gut

A

foregut midgut and hindgut

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35
Q

in which division of the gut is the stomach found

A

the foregut

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36
Q

what cell types exist in the gastric lining and what are their functions

A

mucous secreting cells to reduce friction

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37
Q

what is dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing - a symptom of achalasia

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38
Q

what is achalasia

A

parts of the oesophagus are non constricting

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39
Q

how can achalasia be treated

A

balloon dilation or treatment of the underlying pathogen like a cancerous growth

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40
Q

what cells found may be found in meckel’s diverticulum

A

gastric, pancreatic or colonic mucosa

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41
Q

what is peritontisi and why may meckels diverticulum cause it

A

inflammation of the peritoneume, and if there are parietal cells producing hydrochloric cells producing this can damage the ileal mucosa

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42
Q

what is the duct called that comes from the gall bladder

A

the cystic ducts

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43
Q

what is bile

A

water, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bicarbonate

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44
Q

what is a gall stone

A

crystalline bodies usually formed from the cholesterol

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45
Q

what are the functional regions of the pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine

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46
Q

what forms the bulk of the pancreas

A

exocrine

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47
Q

what is the most common pathology to affect the pancreas

A

diabetes mellitus

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48
Q

what is the blood supply to the pancreas

A

superior and inferior pancreaticodudodenal and the splenic arteries

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49
Q

what does the blood in the hepatic vein arise from

A

stomach
gastrointestinal tract
spleen

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50
Q

which vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein

A

splenic and superior mesenteric

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51
Q

where do anastosomes occur in the body

A

oesophagus and the stomach

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52
Q

what is hypertension

A

increasing pressure in the liver

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53
Q

what division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply

A

the foregut

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54
Q

what division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery

A

the midgut

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55
Q

where do the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery originate from

A

the aorta

56
Q

what are the lobes of the liver

A

left lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

57
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

protein synthesis
coagulation
bile production
deactivation of drugs

58
Q

what are the loops of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

59
Q

where does bile produced in the liver open into the intestinal tract

A

through the sphincter of oddi into the second part of the duodenum

60
Q

what is the region called where all the structures enter the liver

A

the portal hepatis

61
Q

what is the round ligament of the liver

A

the ligamentum teres - the obliterated umbilical vein

62
Q

what is passed thhrough the patent round ligament in foetal life

A

ductus venosus

63
Q

where does the round ligament lie

A

in the free edge of the falciform ligament

64
Q

what was the purpose of the umbilical vein

A

bypass the liver to allow the nutrients to reach the foetus directly rather than being processed in the liver

65
Q

what anatomical structures are related to the liver

A
  • diaphragm
  • stomach
  • gallbladder
  • large intestine
  • right kidney
  • right and left costal margins
  • inferior vena cava
  • duodenum
  • oesophagus
66
Q

what comprises the mucosa of the oesophagus

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucasae

67
Q

what is present in the submucosa of the oesophagus

A

blood vessel
nerves
lymphatics
loose collagen

68
Q

what is the arrangement of the muscle in the muscularis propria

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

69
Q

what is present in the adventita of the oesophagus

A

major blood vessels and nerves
adipose tissue

70
Q

what is a common abnormality of the oesophagus

A

barretts oesophagus

71
Q

what can gastrooesophageal reflux disease do the oesophagus

A

metaplastic activity, such as presence of metaplastic glandular epithelium, glandular tissue in the submucosa

72
Q

what can metaplasia predispose a patient to having

A

dysplasia and subsequent cancer

73
Q

what does coeliac disease cause for the duodenum

A
  • villous atrophy
  • hyperplastic crypts
  • lymphoid infiltrations
74
Q

what do patients with coeliac patients typically complain of

A

diarrhoea
fatigue
weight loss
failure to thrive

75
Q

what are the anterior boundaries of the mouth

A

the lips

76
Q

what are the lateral boundaries of the mouth

A

the cheeks

77
Q

what are the inferior boundaries of the mouth

A

tongue and mylohyoid

78
Q

what are the superior boundaries of the mouth

A

hard palate

79
Q

what are the posterior boundaries of the mouth

A

pillars

80
Q

where does the submandibular gland open into the mouth

A

the lingual frenulum

81
Q

where does the sublingual gland open into the mouth

A

the lingual frenulum

82
Q

what pathologies can impact the sublingual gland

A
  • sialolithiasis
  • sialodenitis
  • tumours
83
Q

what nerve passes through the parotid gland

A

facial

84
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

85
Q

what does the lateral pterygoid do

A

depress the jaw

86
Q

what does the medial pterygoid do

A

elevate the jaw

87
Q

what is achalasia

A

oesophageal motility space

88
Q

what is tracheooesophageal fistula

A

oesophageal atresia with a distal tracheooesophageal fistula

89
Q

what are the symptoms of type A tracheooesophageal fistula

A

cyonisis
coughing
choking
copious saliva

90
Q

what are tracheooesophageal fistules treated

A

surgical reconnective of relevant structures

91
Q

what additional layer does the stomach have that is unusual for the gastrointestinal tract

A

inner longitudinal layer of muscle

92
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

churning and retention of food

93
Q

where in the body does collateral circulation

A

stomach
oesophagus
rectum

94
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

serous membrane

95
Q

what is the mesentery

A

fold of peritoneum that attaches to the posterior abdominal wall

96
Q

name some retroperitoneal structures

A

pancreas and kidneys

97
Q

what type of muscle is the diaphragm composed of

A

skeletal

98
Q

what nerve provides innervation to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

99
Q

what are the nerve roots of the phrenic

A

C3, C4, C5

100
Q

why does the nerve supply of the diaphragm arise so far away from it

A

During folding of the embryo, the diaphragm is caudal (lower end) to the heart at the level of the cervical vertebrae. During further development, the dorsal (back) aspect of the embryo grows faster than the ventral (front) “pulling the diaphragm down with its nerve supply from the cervical region

101
Q

what comprises the thoracic cage

A

12 pairs of ribs
sternum
manubrium
xiphoid process

102
Q

what does the manubriosternal joint identify

A

the second rib

103
Q

what are the different components of the sternum

A

manubrium
sternum
xiphoid process

104
Q

what vessels are found lateral to the sternum

A

the internal thoracic vessels

105
Q

what do the internal thoracic vessels drain

A

the intercostal muscles and skin overlying the chest

106
Q

what clinical application do the internal thoracic vessels serve as a donor for

A

coronary artery bypass grafting

107
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

group of structures in the thoracic cavity excluding the lungs

108
Q

the structures in the mediastinum are loosely bound by connective tissue. what is the clinical relevance of this fact

A

Allows for cushioning, a small degree of movement and is clinically relevant in that infection and tumours can spread rapidly throughout this vast communicating area

109
Q

what are the regions of the mediastinum

A

superior and inferior

110
Q

what can the inferior mediastinum be divided into

A

the anterior middle and posterior

111
Q

what is found in the superior mediastinum

A

great vessels
phrenic and vagus nerves
sympathetic trunk
part of the thymus

112
Q

what is found in the anterior inferior mediastinum

A

fat
thymus tissue

113
Q

what is found in the middle inferior mediastinum

A

heart

114
Q

what is found in the posterior inferior mediastinum

A
  • descending thoracic aorta
  • azygos and hemiaxzygos veins
  • oesophagus
  • thoracic duct
  • vagus nerve
  • splanchnic nerve
115
Q

what is the drawback of a posterioanterior chest x ray

A

the heart can appear larger

116
Q

what embryological remnant can be found in the right atrium

A

the fossa ovalis

117
Q

how many valvules are present in the aortic valve

A

three

118
Q

where are the aortic sinuses located

A

just above the aortic valve

119
Q

what arises close to the aortic sinuses

A

coronary arteries

120
Q

when does the aortic valve close

A

diastole

121
Q

what is a murmur

A

abnormal heart sound

122
Q

what is unique regarding coronary arteries

A

they are end arteries

123
Q

how many main coronary arteries are there

A

two

124
Q

what would happen if a coronary artery was completely occluding

A

myocardial infarction - death of the tissue

125
Q

how many times thicker is the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle

A

three

126
Q

what forms holes in the heart

A

septal defects

127
Q

what type of artery is the aorta

A

elastic

128
Q

what is the aortic knuckle

A

prominence of the aorta as it changes direction in the chest seen on chest x rays

129
Q

why does the aorta not collapse during ventricular diastole

A

elastic recoil due to the high number of elastic fibres

130
Q

what are the main branches of the aorta that pass into the neck

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

131
Q

the phrenic nerve passes through the thoracic inlet, but behind which veins that that point

A

the subclavian veins

132
Q

describe the different courses between the right and left phrenic nerves

A

Right phrenic nerve accompanies the right brachiocephalic vein and SVC in front of the right lung root. The left lies lateral to the left common carotid artery, crosses the left side of the aortic arch and passes in front of the left lung root

133
Q

what type of innervation does the phrenic nerve provide

A

Muscular (to diaphragm) and sensory to the fibrous pericardium and sensory to the peritoneum covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm

134
Q

what is referred pain

A

Pathology in one area causing pain in another area eg. Pain related to gallbladder pathology (affecting the diaphragmatic surface of the diaphragm) can be referred to the right tip of shoulder as the same nerve roots supply here for sensation too.

135
Q

what are the three main types of vessel in the arterial system

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

136
Q

example of elastic arteries

A

aorta
common carotid
subclavian
pulmonary arteries

137
Q

example of muscular arteries

A

radial
remoral
coronary
cerebral arteries

138
Q

where are arterioles found

A

distributing throughout the body

139
Q

what do veins have less of in general compared to arteries

A

elastic and muscle in their walls

140
Q

what is the function of venous valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood

Human Systems and Anatomy (57 decks)

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