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Human Systems and Anatomy > Introduction to Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

why can some diseases look different depending on the patient

A

the time in the patients life when it manifests as well as the patients own response can impact how the disease appears phenotypically. eg childhood versus adulthood manifestation

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2
Q

what is diastema

A

gaps between the teeth

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3
Q

breakdown the key steps of endocrine secretion

A

chemical secreted at low concentrations into the bloodstream by a cell or a group of cells
it is sent to all parts of the body via the bloodstream
it only acts on cells with the correct membrane receptor protein that targets cells

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4
Q

what are the key features of an endocrine secretion

A

it acts on many places at the same time
it is affected by the strength of circulation
stopping hormonal response requires removal of the hormone from circulation

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5
Q

what is the concentration unit of hormones

A

femtomoles

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6
Q

describe humoral communication

A

communication by hormones on many different cells in the body
coordinated, body wide actions
it is slow to act and the effect persists

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7
Q

what are the two main classifications of hormoens

A

steroids and non steroids

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8
Q

what are the non steroid hormone sub categories

A

amino acid derivatives
peptides
glycoproteins

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9
Q

which kind of hormone can enter the cell and why

A

steroid hormones as they have a lipophilic ring that can penetrate the membrane

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10
Q

what are the steroid hormones

A

cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone
oestrogen
progesterone

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11
Q

what are the amino acid derivatives

A

amines and iodinated amino acids

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12
Q

describe some hormones that are amines

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline
melatonin

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13
Q

describe some hormones that are iodinated amino acids

A

triiodothyronine
tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)

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14
Q

what are the two classifications for peptide non steroid hormones

A

short chain and long chain

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15
Q

what are the short chain peptide hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
melanocyte stimulating hormone
somatostatin
thyrotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone
atrial natriuretic hormone

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16
Q

name the long chain peptide hormones

A

growth hormone
prolactin
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
adrenocorticotropic hormone
insulin
glucagon
gi tract hormones

17
Q

describe how hormones are produced

A

many are made in an inactive form first
pre-prohomrones become prohormones in the endoplasmic reticulum
the prohormone is packaged in golgi apparatus and is converted to the active hormone here
the active hormone is then secreted from vesicles

18
Q

describe the insulin structure

A

complex structure that takes time to be made and therefore must be stored

19
Q

can prohormones generate responses

A

yes, although they are much less potent as their activated form

20
Q

why is high insulin concentration fatal

A

can lead to hypoglycemia of the brain
the brain needs glucose to survive, so without it there is death

21
Q

what is a high concentration of prohormones in the blood associated with

A

high release of their activated hormones

22
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins with attached carbohydrate groups to the amino acid

23
Q

what are some glycoprotein hormones

A

follicle stimualting hormone
luteinizing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
chorionic gonadotrophoin

24
Q

what are some local tissue hormones

A

prostoglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes

25
Q

what are the functions of local tissue hormones

A

blood flow regulation
haemostasis
mucosal protection in the stomach
inflammation

26
Q

why are local tissue hormones not really hormones

A

they are not released into the circulation

27
Q

how do most non steroid hormones bring about responses in cells

A

via second messenger systems within the target cells
the steroid hormones cna pass through the outer cell membrane and directly reach the intracellular receptors

28
Q

what are the two common second messengers

A

cAMP and Ca++

29
Q

what is the pathway of hormone secretion

A

endocrine cells are stimulated to produce the hormone into the bloodstream (some need carrier proteins in order to move through the bloodstream)
the hormones work on the target cell
some are excreted throguh the kidneys and some are metabolised by the liver
metabolism produces raw materials that can be recycled for new production cycles

30
Q

how do steroid hormones bring about responses

A

they pass the membrane and work on the cell machinery to produce a protein
direct action will take time as the proteins are being produced

31
Q

can a patient be on cortisol and still have surgery

A

it is risky and surgeons to ask the gp to take the patient of cortisol for the surgery to make it safer

32
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a normal biological response that slows or stops a reaction when it reaches a certain level

33
Q

give an example of a negative feedback loop

A

The parathyroid hormone will raise plasma calcium concentration and inhibit the release of parathyroid hormone. This is a negative feedback loop.

34
Q

what is receptor regulation

A

the sensitivity of target cells is related to the number of membrane receptors
more receptors gives upregulation and less receptors gives downregulation

35
Q

describe upregulation

A

there are more receptors so there is a higher chance the hormone will bind

36
Q

describe downregulation

A

there are less receptors so there is reduced chance of binding

37
Q

what can lead to hyperfunction

A

excess production and secretion
upregulation of receptors
failure to metabolise a hormone

38
Q

what can lead to hypofunction

A

decreased production and secretion
downregulation of receptors
receptors not functioning

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