Nutrition 3 - Sugars

Question 1

What are obligatory users of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Brain

Nervous system and developing RBC

Question 2

What can glucose be produced from?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Question 3

What are most amino acids?

Answer 3

Gluconegenic, as glycerol but not fatty acids

Leucine and lysine are ketogenic = fatty acid

Question 4

What is the most common sugar?

Answer 4

Sucrose

Question 5

What is the benefit of a high fibre diet?

Answer 5

Cancer, colon cancer for example

Question 6

What is the glycaemic index?

Answer 6

Simple and complex carbohydrates and their effect in blood sugar levels

Question 7

What do we want our blood sugar levels to be?

Answer 7

4-5.5 mmol/L

Question 8

What is the difference between a complex and simple sugar and blood sugar levels?

Answer 8

Simple, quick increase in blood sugar levels

Complex, slow curve of blood sugar levels

Question 9

What type of sugars have a rapid increase blood glucose levels?

Answer 9

Mono and di saccharides have a quick increase and rapid crash in blood glucose levels

Question 10

What is the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in lipids?

Answer 10

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is high

(Compared to carbohydrates)

Question 11

What is the main form of dietary fat?

Answer 11

Triglycerides

Question 12

What provides the largest energy store in the body?

Answer 12

Lipids

Question 13

What are the functions of fats?

Answer 13

Structural (membranes)
Protection for vital organs
Insulation
Vitamin carrier (A, D, E, K)

Question 14

Are fats soluble in water?

Answer 14

No, insoluble

Question 15

What are 3 groups of fats?

Answer 15

Simple
Compound
Derived

Question 16

How many carbons are long chain fatty acids?

Answer 16

14-22

Question 17

What is the structure of tryacyglycerol/triglycerides?

Answer 17

3 carbon molecule and 3 fatty acids

Question 18

What group does glycerol belong to?

Answer 18

Simple

Question 19

What group are the phospholipids?

Answer 19

Compound fats

Question 20

What are fat transporters in the body?

Answer 20

Lipoproteins

Question 21

What are examples of lipoproteins?

Answer 21

LDL
VLDL
HDL

Question 22

Where are lipoproteins formed?

Answer 22

Liver and circulation

Question 23

What lipoprotein transports the most cholesterol in plasma?

Answer 23

LDL

Question 24

What lipoprotein carries cholsterol away from artery walls?

Answer 24

HDL

Question 25

What type of fat are generally solid at room temperature?

Answer 25

Saturated fats

Question 26

What does C4:0 represent?

Answer 26

4 carbon atoms and 0 double bonds

Question 27

What are PUFA?

Answer 27

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 28

Where is the first double bond in omega 3?

Answer 28

3 carbon groups away from the methyl group

Question 29

What are examples of essential a fatty acids?

Answer 29

Linolenic acid

Question 30

What does increased plasma epinephrine activate?

Answer 30

Beta-receptors in adipocytes

Stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis

Question 31

What can increase metabolism from adipose tissue?

Answer 31

Elevated circulating levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucagon, growth hormone and cortisol

Decrease circulating level of insulin and glucose