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bds2.5 applied biomedical sciences > endocrinology 2 > Flashcards

endocrinology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

integration centre for endocrine systems

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2
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the true endocrine tissue of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior

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4
Q

How is the ant. pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

2 connected capillary beds (portal system)

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5
Q

What is the tissue origin of the ant. pituitary?

A

epithelial

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6
Q

What portion of the gland doe the ant. make up?

A

2/3

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7
Q

What part of the pituitary is neuroendocrine tissue?

A

post

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8
Q

What is the tissue origin of the post pituitary?

A

neural

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9
Q

How does the post. pituitary connect to hypothalamus?

A

neural connection

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10
Q

What does the post. pituitary secrete?

A

neurohormones made in hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the ant. pituitary also called?

A

adenohypophysis

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12
Q

What is the post. pituitary also called?

A

neurohypophysis

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13
Q

What peptide hormones does post. pituitary release?

A

vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)

oxytocin

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14
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin synthesised?

A

magnocellular neurones in the hypothalamus

  • different subsets (neurones) make either oxytocin or ADH
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15
Q

do the hypothalamus axons projecting down the infundibulum synapse with other neurones?

A

no, terminals end directly in capillaries

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16
Q

how are the mature neuronal hormones stored n the post. pituitary?

A

hormones stored in vesicles in the post. pituitary

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17
Q

What do the ADH and oxytocin behave like?

A

peptide hormones

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18
Q

What connects the cys in the ADH and oxytocin backbone?

A

disulphide bonds

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19
Q

Name the amino acids different in the ADH and oxytocin?

A

Phe –> lle

Arg –> leu

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20
Q

What is the main function of vasopressin (ADH)?

A

regulated water balance

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21
Q

What is the main function of oxytocin?

A

milk ejection and uterine contraction

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22
Q

What triggers the vasopressin (ADH release)?

A

increase plasma osmolarity (dehydration)

decrease volume/BP

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23
Q

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

A

suckling

labour (babies head against cervix)

24
Q

What is the site/mode of action of vasopressin (ADH)?

A

KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS
- increase water reabsorption

VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSLCE
- increase BP

25
Q

What is the site/mode of action of oxytocin?

A

MILK DUCT SMOOTH MUSCLE
- contracts muscle, ejecting

UTERINE SMOOTH MUSCLE
- child birth

26
Q

What do you call hormone which control the release of other hormones (anterior pituitary to other endocrine targets)?

A

trophic hormones

27
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the ant. pit?

A

direct on peripheral targets

indirect: trophic hormones to other endocrine targets and then to peripheral targets

28
Q

What are the hormones from the ant. pit which act directly on peripheral targets?

A

prolactin, growth hormone

29
Q

What happens of there is lack of or too much trophic hormone input?

A

lack of… atrophy

too much… hypertrophy

30
Q

Why does the ant. pit use the portal system?

A

allows only a small vol of blood for these hormones to move around

we only need small amount of hormone to elicit effects

short distance, very rapid and dynamic

only need a small number or neurosecretory neurones for sufficient control

31
Q

What 2 categories of hormones does the hypothalamus release to the ant. pit?

A

stimulatory or inhibitory

32
Q

What is the only non-peptide hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

dopamine (catecholamine)

steroid hormone

33
Q

What is the role of dopamine on ant. pit?

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

34
Q

What are all the hormones released by the ant. pit?

A

peptide hormones

35
Q

What are the 6 peptiode hromones released ffrom the ant. pituitary?

A

prolactin

thyroid stimulating hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

growth hormone

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinising hormone (LH)

36
Q

Does prolactin act directly on the breast?

A

yes, direct

37
Q

What does TSH act on (AP)?

A

thyroid - thyroid hormone release

38
Q

What does ACTH act on? (AP)

A

adrenal cortex - cortisol release

39
Q

What does GH act upon? (AP)

A

liver - trophic

IGF release

or direct on growth tissues

40
Q

What does FSH and LH act upon? (AP)

A

endocrine cells of gonads

41
Q

What is the direct effect of FSH and LH? (AP)

A

regulation of reproductive function

42
Q

What is the trophic effect of FSH and LH? (AP)

A

sex hormone release

43
Q

What are the 2 types of hormone-specific cell types in the AP?

A

ACIDOPHIL CELLS

BASOPHIL CELLS

44
Q

Name the 2 types of acidophil cells in the AP?

A

SOMATOTROPHS AND LACTOTROPHS

45
Q

What does the somatotroph cell release in the AP?

A

GH

46
Q

What does the lactotrophs release in the AP?

A

PL

47
Q

wHAT DO THE THYROTROPHS RELEASE?

A

TSH

48
Q

What do the gonadotrophs release?

A

LH/FSH

49
Q

What do the corticotrophs release?

A

ACTH

50
Q

What do the AP hormone-specific cell types allow?

A

the receptor profiles of these cells allow selectivity to incoming hypothalamic hormones

51
Q

How is the AP controlled?

A

AP feedback control

52
Q

What does the AP feedback control involve?

A

3 integration centres

  1. hypothalamus
  2. AP
  3. target endocrine cell
53
Q

Do hormones act as a positive or negative feedback signal?

A

negative

54
Q

What do you call the feedback from the endocrine target?

A

long loop feedback

55
Q

What do you call the feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus?

A

short loop feedback

bds2.5 applied biomedical sciences (48 decks)

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