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BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences > The Vascular System > Flashcards

The Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does most of the blood sit at rest?

A

Venous system

inf. Vena cava

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2
Q

How much blood sits in the venous system?

A

61%

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3
Q
A

A = 12
B = 9%
C = 11%
D = 7%
E = 61%

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4
Q

What does the heterogeneity of the vascular network allow?

A

Adapt to environment

blood vessels different in nerves (parallel), muscles (cork screw), lung for example

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5
Q

What controls the blood pressure

A

Contractility of the vascular smooth muscle cells

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6
Q

What are vascular smooth muscle cells embedded in?

A

Collagen and elastin

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7
Q

Name the 2 cell types of smooth muscle

A
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8
Q

What allows the contraction of a smooth muscle cell?

A

Actin and myosin

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9
Q

What is the thick filament?

A

Myosin

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10
Q

What happens if the smooth muscle cells are not flexible (no collagen and elastin matrix)

A

Damage to blood vessels

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11
Q

What regulates cross bridging in smooth muscle?

A

MLCK

Myosin light chain kinase

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12
Q
A

Myosin light chain

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13
Q

What does the light chain inhibit?

A

The myosin binding to the actin via the heavy chain

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14
Q

How do we activate myosin?

A

Calmodulin binds calcium = complex

This binds MLCK

Phosphorylated the myosin light chains

Confo change in the light chain and expose actin BS

Actin BS on myosin exposed

Contraction activated

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15
Q

What muscle has myosin light chain?

A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

What receptor regulates smooth muscle contactility?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels

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17
Q

What does calcium into the cell activate?

A

Myosin light chain kinase

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18
Q

What are 2 ways calcium can increase in the cell?

A

Extracellular via the voltage gated calcium channels

Intracellular calcium stores

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19
Q

What activates the intracellular calcium stores?

A

PLC pathway

then IP3 activates the Ca2+ channels

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20
Q

What does a drops in CO2 do to smooth muscle?

A

Dilation - allow ,ore blood to get into cerebral circulation

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21
Q

Why do you pass out during hyperventilation?

A

Blood vessels contract

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22
Q

What happens to blood vessels in decreased CO2?

A

Vasoconstriction

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23
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow during hyperventilation?

A

Cerebral blood flow halves

24
Q

In pulmonary circulation, during hypoxia what happens to blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

As that part of the lung isn’t working properly

25
Q

In systemic circulation what is the effect of hypoxia on blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation

Increase blood flow

26
Q

What are 4 factors which regulate vascular smooth muscle contractiliy?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Endothelial derived factors

Myogenic response

Blood borne factors

27
Q

In the regulation of smooth muscle contractility, what is the ANS mostly?

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

What does NO released from?

A

Endothelial cells

29
Q

What is the effect of norepinephrine?

A

Contract

30
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine?

A

Relax

31
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine act upon?

A

Alpha adrenergjc

32
Q

What receptor does epinephrine act upon?

A

Beta-adrenergic

33
Q

What is the effect of NO?

A

Relax

34
Q

What is the effect of endothelin released from the endothelial cells?

A

Contract

35
Q

What are the endothelial-derived factors?

A

NO
endothelin

36
Q

What is the half life of NO?

A

2-5 seconds

37
Q

What is the limiting factor in NO production?

A

NOS

NO synathse

38
Q

What are the 3 forms of NOS?

A

eNOS
iNOS - inducible form
nNOS

39
Q

What are the activators of NOS?

A

Shear stress
Thrombin
ACh

40
Q

What does shear stress induce?

A

Activates a kinase enzyme (Akt) which stimulates eNOS

41
Q

what is the capacitance vessel?

A

vena cava

42
Q

what vessels regulate the blood pressure?

A

arterioles

43
Q

Do arteries or veins have a large gap between the endothelial cells?

A

arteries for exchange

44
Q

what produces the ECM in smooth muscle cells?

A

the smooth muscle cells, maintain their own flexibility

45
Q

how do you reverse the depolarisation of the smooth muscle cells?

A

calcium-activated potassium channels

46
Q

What agonists activate the intracellular calcium store pathway?

A

norepinepherine

47
Q

What is the myogenic response?

A

innate ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to changes in pressure

48
Q

What activates shear stress?

A

blood flow over endothelial cells

49
Q

What does NO activate in smooth muscle cells to cause relaxation?

A

GC which makes cGMP = relaxation

50
Q

What enzyme makes edothelin-1?

A

endothelin-converting enzyme

51
Q

What stimulus causes the production and release of endothelin?

A

thrombin
GF
angiotensin II
low shear forces

52
Q

What happens when you double the pressure in the arteries?

A

active contraction - lumen diameter decreases

myogenic response

53
Q

What is the stimulus for myogenic response?

A

vessel wall tension

54
Q

What is the role of the myognic response?

A

maintain a constant tissue blood flow when blood pressure changes

55
Q

When does the myogenic response when blood pressure increases?

A

cause vascular smooth muscle increase contraction

BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences (48 decks)

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