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bds2.5 applied biomedical sciences > Physiology Of Hearing > Flashcards

Physiology Of Hearing Flashcards

1
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A
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2
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3
Q

What is the eardrum known as?

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
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5
Q

What is the role of the ossicles?

A

Rely and amplify information to the cochlea

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6
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7
Q

What is the role of the cochlea?

A

An organ where sound waves are converted first into fluid waves, then into chemical signals and finally into action potentials

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8
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9
Q

How to ear hairs allow sound to be heard?

A

The movement of basilar and tectorial membranes by sound waves moves cilia on the hair cells and effects neurotransmitter release

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10
Q

What allows the AP, what channels?

A

Potassium and calcium channels

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11
Q

Where would we hear high frequency sounds?

A

Stapes end of the basilar membrane

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12
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

Wax build up
Blockage of Eustachian tube
Inflammation
Damage to ear drum
Otosclerosis

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13
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Hair cell damage in organ of corti

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14
Q

What are examples of se sensorineural deafness

A

Trauma
Ageing
Infection
Drugs
Ménière’s disease

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15
Q

Do hair cells regenerate in mammals?

A

No

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16
Q

What is nerve deafness?

A

Damage to the auditory nerve itself

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17
Q

What is the movement associated with the part of the canal?

A
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18
Q

What nerve carries info from the vestibular apparatus to the brain?

A

Vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve

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19
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20
Q

How does the cochlea make sound?

A

Is the organ where sound waves are converted first into fluid waves, then into chemical, signa,s and finally into AP

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21
Q

What is the middle canal also called?

A

Cochlea duct

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22
Q

What separates the tympanic canal and the middle canal?

A

Basilar membrane

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23
Q

What membrane separates the middle canal from the vestibular canal?

A

Reissner’s membrane

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24
Q

What membrane sits on top of the hair cells?

A

Tectorial membrane

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25
Q

What do the hair cells sit between?

A

Basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane

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26
Q

What do the stapes vibrate against?

A

Oval window

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27
Q

How do the hair cells move?

A

The movement of the basilar and tectorial membrane by sound waves moves the cilia on the hair cells, fluid waves made and affects neurotransmitter release

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28
Q
A
29
Q

What type of receptor are the cilia?

A

Mechanoreceptors

30
Q

What cells support cilia and hold them in place?

A

Deiter’s cells

31
Q

How are the cilia arranged?

A

In rows

32
Q

What connects the cilia?

A

Tip links

33
Q

What are top links?

A

Very fine cytoskeleton elements

34
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia being connected by tip links?

A

The hairs move as one

35
Q

What channels are opened up when the hairs move as one?

A

Mechano electro transduction channels

MET channels

Potassium ion channels, positive ions into the cells and a depolarisation

36
Q

What is the synaptic density called?

A

Synaptic ribbon

37
Q

What is a synaptic ribbon?

A

Vesicles of neurotransmitter attached to the ribbon

38
Q

How are the vesicles on the ribbon released?

A

Calcium causes the tethers of the vesicles to be broken

Vesicles are released

Fuse with the presynaptic membrane

Spill into the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

39
Q

Describe sound transmission, 6 stages

A
  1. Sound waves in the air strike the tympanic membrane
  2. Sound waves energy is transferred to bk Ds of the middle ear, which vibrate
  3. The vibrations are transmitted via the oval window to the fluid within the vestibular duct and create a fluid v
    Wave within the cochlea
  4. The fluid waves push on the flexible membrane of the cochlear duct
  5. Sound waves are transmitted to the tympanic duct and dissipated back into air by the movement of round window
  6. Deformation of the cochlear duct causes the tectorial membrane to move and activate stereocilia of the hair cells
40
Q

Where do fluid waves get converted back into air waves?

A

In the inner ear

41
Q

What membrane is moving during hearing?

A

Basilar membrane, this moves the cilia

42
Q

What one is resting, depolarisation and hyperpolarisation?

A
  1. Resting
  2. Depolarisation
  3. Inhibition (less AP)
43
Q

What happens as you move down the basilar membrane?

A

Broadens out and becomes thinner

44
Q

Where do we hear high frequency sounds?

A

More towards the stapes end

45
Q

Where do we hear lower frequency sound?

A

At the more distal end

Helicotrema

46
Q
A

A = eardrum
B = stapes
C = basilar membrane
D = Helicotrema

47
Q

Describe the area where we hear high frequency sound?

A

Stiff region near round window

48
Q

Describe the area where we hear low frequency sound?

A

Flexible region near helicotrema

49
Q

How is balance maintained?

A

Maintained through the hair cells in the fluid filled vestibular apparatus and the hair cells in the semicircular canals of the inner ear

50
Q

What are the 2 components of equilibrium?

A

Dynamic component

Static component

51
Q

What is the dynamic component of equilibrium?

A

Sensing rotational movement of the head

52
Q

What is the static component of equilibrium?

A

Senses head displacement via linear acceleration and the associated gravitational changes

53
Q

What detect rotational movements?

A

By hair cells found within the ampulla linked to the semicircular canals

54
Q

What detects gravitational changes?

A

Are detected by the otolith organs found within the maculae at the base of the semicircular canals

55
Q

What are ampullae?

A

Swelling at the base of the semicircular canals

56
Q

What hair cells do the ampullae contain?

A

Christae

57
Q

What are found at the base of the semicircular canals?

A

Maculae

58
Q
A
59
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Crista

60
Q

What are these cells?

A

Hair cell receptors

61
Q

What is surrounding the hair cell receptors here?

A

Cupula - gelatinous endolymph fluid

62
Q

What happens when you get fluid movement in the endolymph?

A

Movement of the endolymph pushes on gelatinous cupula and activates the receptor cells

63
Q

What happens to hair movement in the cochlea when you rotate your head?

A

Head rotation increases firing frequency in canals on one side and reduces it in the other

64
Q

What crystals are found in the macula?

A

Otoliths

65
Q

What structure is shown here, and what is it involved in?

A

Macula, involved in gravity forces

66
Q

What structure moves in response to gravitational forces?

A

Otoliths

67
Q

Where do the 2 branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve go?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Vestibular nuclei of medulla
68
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the vestibular nuclei of medulla?

A
  1. Thalamus and then cerebral cortex
  2. Somatic motor neurones concerned with eye movements - keep eyes in position

bds2.5 applied biomedical sciences (48 decks)

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