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Year 1/2 > Defense & Barriers 2: Poultry Diseases > Flashcards

Defense & Barriers 2: Poultry Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

4 reasons for DISEASE issues in poultry?
3 reasons we can REDUCE DISEASE prevalence?

A

4 reasons for DISEASE issues?
1. INCREASED risk because birds are OUTSIDE! & near vectors
2. LIMITED ANTIBIOTICS APPROVED FOR USE IN POULTRY
3. VACCINATIONS NOT AVAILABLE FOR BACKYARD FLOCKS
4. POULTRY HOUSING

3 ways to REDUCE dz?
1. BIOSECURITY
–> Keep farms at a reasonable distance
–> Change clothes/shoes upon entry
2. HOST RESISTANCE
–> Make sure to reduce STRESS to INCREASE DISEASE RESISTANCE (prevent cytokine release)
3. KEEP IN CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

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2
Q

3 routes of disease transmission in poultry?
how do we prevent the first 2 specific routes of transmission?
what 2 organisms can contribute/what type of route?

A

2 routes?
1. TRUE VERTICAL = transmitted TO PROGENY FROM HEN via OVARIAN or UTERINE INFECTION
2. APPARENT VERTICAL = egg surface contamination with organism with nest or fecal material
3. HORIZONTAL

how do we prevent these specific routes of transmission?
1. TRUE VERTICAL = We should VACCINATE HENS so that MATERNAL Abs PASSED TO CHICKS
2. APPARENT VERTICAL = NEED TO MAKE SURE ENVIRONMENT IS CLEAN

E. COLI & ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS CAN CAUSE APPARENT VERTICAL TRANSMISSION

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3
Q

we should REDUCE EGGS ON THE FLOOR BECAUSE EGGS ARE ____ and can become EASILY ____

A

POROUS, CONTAMINATED

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4
Q

4 diseases that can spread via FARM-TO-FARM transmission?
what kind of transmission is this?

A

4 diseases?
1. AVIAN INFLUENZA
2. INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
3. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
4. NEWCASTLE/PARAMYXOVIRUS

HORIZONTAL transmission

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5
Q

4 ways VECTOR-BORNE diseases can spread…
what kind of disease transmission is this?

A
  1. FOMITES/EQUIPMENT
  2. RODENTS (Salmonella)
  3. FREE-FLYING BIRDS
  4. INSECTS like flies/beetles

HORIZONTAL transmission

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6
Q

PRIMARY lymphoid organs in birds? (3)
SECONDARY lymphoid organs in birds? (2)
what do birds NOT have/what do they have INSTEAD?

A

PRIMARY lymphoid organs…
1. Bursa = B cells
2 .Thymus = T cells
3. In young birds, these cells eventually migrate into periphery

SECONDARY lymphoid organs…
1. Spleen
2. Bone marrow

NO LYMPH NODES, JUST PEYERS PATCHES

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7
Q

bird immune system…
MATERNAL TRANSFER of immunity (2)
IgM/IgA?

A

MATERNAL transfer…
1. MATERNAL TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY based on IgY instead of IgG into YOLK SAC
2. Yolk sac starts external and GOES INTO BODY CAVITY to provide HYDRATION, NUTRITION & IMMUNITY for FIRST 5 DAYS OF LIFE

IgM & IgA are in the ALBUMIN/AMNIOTIC FLUID

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8
Q

the ADAPTIVE immune system in birds is based on either ____ or _____ immunity
talk about both briefly

A

PASSIVE, ACTIVE

PASSIVE = MATERNAL, VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS
ACTIVE = VACCINATION

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9
Q

CECAL TONSILS…
birds have a ___ cecum
what are they? (2)
where are they located?
what disease likes to take residence in here?

A

birds have a PAIRED cecum

what are they?
1. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGAN
2. LYMPHOID PATCH IN INTESTINAL TRACT

location?
= JUST BEFORE ENTERING LARGE INTESTINE

what disease?
= INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS

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10
Q

in birds, the ____ regresses, but the ____ does not unless it’s DISEASED

A

THYMUS, BURSA

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11
Q

poultry vaccines…
= used for…
BREEDER vaccination?
HATCHERY vaccination?
IN-HOUSE vaccination?

A

= used to reduce risk of clinical disease by helping BOOST IMMUNITY STRENGTH/RESPONSE, but BIRDS STILL LIKELY TO BE INFECTED

breeder vaccination = maternal antibodies

hatchery vaccination = IN OVO VACCINATION, VACCINE GOES INTO EGG

in-house vaccination = SPRAY OR WATER OVER EGGS

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12
Q

TYPES of poultry vaccines available? (5)

A
  1. Viral
  2. Bacterial
  3. Parasitic = COCCIDIA
  4. LIVE vaccines
  5. KILLED vaccines
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13
Q

PARASITIC vaccinations in poultry…
against WHAT organism?
where are vax given?
vaccine will differ depending on…

A

COCCIDIA

VAX GIVEN IN HATCHERY

DIFFERS DEPENDING ON SPECIES (ex = different for chicken/turkey)

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14
Q

KILLED vaccinations in poultry..
given WHAT ROUTE?
NOT given to what birds/why?

A

Given IM

NOT given to BROILER BIRDS bc CAN AFFECT MUSCLES

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15
Q

when/how are in ovo vaccinations given?

A

Given ~18-19 days of incubation into FLUID AROUND EMBRYO

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16
Q

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE…
= what is it?
what age/species of bird?
commonality?
SUBCLINICAL signs/timing? (2)
CLINICAL signs/timing? (4)

A

= BIRNAVIRUS (DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUS) that AFFECTS IMMUNE SYSTEM by ENTERING BURSA & causes immunosuppression

age/species?
= YOUNG CHICKENS

commonality?
= This is RARE now due to VACCINATION OF FLOCKS & PROGENY

SUBCLINICAL = <3 weeks
1. Sometimes can EVADE DETECTION and WE DON’T SEE ANYTHING UNTIL SECONDARY DISEASES
2. SMALL bursas congenitally

CLINICAL DISEASE = 3-6 weeks
1. HAS HIGH MORTALITY
2. VENT PICKING bc bursa IRRITATED
3. DEPRESSION
4. HEMORRHAGIC bursas that then regress

17
Q

ID DZ & additional names

A

CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA

Blue Wing Disease/Gangrenous Dermatitis

18
Q

CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA…
AKA 3 names?
what is it? (2)
ONE ____, DIFFERENT ____
causes SECONDARY _____ infection that causes _____ color
age of affected chickens?
clinical signs? (3)
chance of mortality?
necropsy findings? (2)
prevention?

A

AKA “Chicken Anemia Virus, Blue Wing Disease/Gangrenous Dermatitis”

what is it? = GYROVIRUS (single-strand circular DNA)

ONE SEROTYPE, DIFFERENT GENOTYPES

causes SECONDARY CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION (from T cell immunosuppression) that can cause BLUE COLOR

age?
= CHICKENS 2-4 weeks of age

clinical signs?
1. Depressed
2. Pale/anemic
3. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

LOW chance of mortality

necropsy findings?
1. PALE bone marrow
2. ATROPHIED THYMUS

Prevention?
= VACCINATION, protect BREEDER FLOCKS and THEREFORE PROGENY

19
Q

OMPHALITIS…
AKA?
= what is it?
pathophys? (2)
mortality?
lesion? (ONLY ONE PART)

A

AKA YOLK SAC INFECTION

= a PRIMARY INFECTION affecting the YOLK SAC and NAVEL of young poultry

pathophys?
1. CAUSED BY DIRTY or CRACKED EGG SHELLS
2. Causes YOLK SAC TO BE A GOOD FEEDING GROUND FOR BACTERIA/INFECTION and then INGESTED BY PROGENY

mortality? = USUALLY WITHIN FIRST FEW DAYS OF LIFE

lesion?
= ENLARGED, CASEOUS & HEMORRHAGIC YOLK SAC

20
Q

AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS…
transmission in CHICKS? (2)
clinical signs? (2)
diagnosis? what 2 things can we see?

A

transmission in CHICKS?
1. TRUE VERTICAL –> NEED TO MAKE SURE MOM IS VACCINATED
2. Horizontal

clinical signs?
1. NEUROLOGIC signs
2. CATARACTS from MILD DISEASE WHEN CHICKS SURVIVE

diagnosis = HISTOPATHOLOGY OF BRAIN FOR CONFIRMATION to see…
1. DEGENERATION OF NEURONS
2 LOSS OF PURKINJE CELLS in CEREBELLUM

prevention?
= VACCINATE BREEDERS

21
Q

ID disease!

is it likely this animal survived?

A

AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

LIKELY SURVIVED and developed CATARACTS!!

22
Q

AVIAN POX…
= what is it?
2 forms?
histopathology?
transmission?

A

= DNA POXVIRUS that’s SPECIFIC TO THE SPECIES IT INFECTS

2 forms…
1. DIPHTHERITIC (wet pox) = damages EPITHELIAL LINING & TRACHEA
–> See CASEOUS MATERIAL in TRACHEA/ESOPHAGUS
2. CUTANEOUS (dry pox)

on histopathology = EOSINOPHILIC INCLUSION BODIES

transmission?
= LACERATION/INJURY from SKIN due to PECKING, INSECTS, AI through CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT

23
Q

ID disease & what this is

A

AVIAN POX

INCLUSION BODIES

24
Q

AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS…
= what is it/how does it cause disease?
what does it cause SECONDARILY?

A

= Coccidia get into GI tract and BREAK DOWN MUCOSAL BARRIER

SECONDARILY…
= CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION OCCURS

25
Q

DIET-RELATED NECROTIC ENTERITIS…
what 2 things does it cause?
what causes it?

A

2 things does it cause?
1.DISRUPTION OF INTESTINAL FLORA
2. SECONDARY CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION

can be caused by ROUGH FOOD LIKE STRAW

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

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